{"id":701,"date":"2024-04-27T17:20:00","date_gmt":"2024-04-27T22:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/csalateral.org\/ccrrrc\/?post_type=ramp_article&p=701"},"modified":"2024-07-09T09:27:28","modified_gmt":"2024-07-09T14:27:28","slug":"racism-against-refugees-south-korea-park","status":"publish","type":"ramp_article","link":"https:\/\/csalateral.org\/ccrrrc\/articles\/racism-against-refugees-south-korea-park\/","title":{"rendered":"Racism Against Refugees: The Case of South Korea | \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758: \ub0a8\ud55c\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Abstract<\/strong> This article discusses the sociocultural context in South Korea, which has intensified anti-refugee racism especially since 2018, with the arrival of Yemeni refugees fleeing the war. Park Kyungjoo describes how dual racism encompassing institutional racism and what he calls \u201ccitizen-protecting\u201d racism shapes the current conditions of anti-refugee sentiment in South Korea. First, South Korea implemented a refugee act in 2013, in its attempt to catch up with what it perceived as a \u201cglobal standard.\u201d However, unstable bureaucratic barriers as well as budget cuts and underutilization have left refugee applicants in an inhumane condition and resulted in a perpetually low refugee recognition rate. This is worsened by anti-refugee groups\u2019 \u201ccitizen-protecting\u201d racism, which was fueled by the center-left government\u2019s failure to clearly protect refugee rights while strengthening the social safety net for the Korean public. Mobilizing Islamophobic, racist discourses about refugees, these anti-refugee groups, ranging from church groups to politicians, while hard to identify as a singular force, act based on a common interest in right-wing nationalism and the protection of Koreans. Park Kyungjoo calls for multidimensional solutions involving structural changes, institutional changes, and curricular changes in public education, to help the country challenge the current concept of citizenship and democracy.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

English translation by Jinhwa Lee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\uba70<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\ucf54\ub85c\ub098 \uc774\ud6c4, \uadf8\ub54c\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uc9d1\ub2e8\ud654 \ub41c \ucc28\ubcc4\uacfc \ubc18\ub300\uc758 \ud750\ub984\uc740 \ub4f1\uc7a5\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc81c\ub3c4\uc801 \ubc30\uc81c\ub098 \ucc28\ubcc4\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\ub294 \uacc4\uc18d\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc7ac\ub09c\uc9c0\uc6d0\uae08\uc5d0\uc11c \ub09c\ubbfc\uc744 \ubc30\uc81c\ud55c \uc77c\uc774\ub098 \uc544\ud504\uac00\ub2c8\uc2a4\ud0c4 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \u2018\ud2b9\ubcc4\uae30\uc5ec\uc790\u2019\ub77c\ub294 \ud638\uce6d\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \u2018\ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uc815 \uc5c6\ub294 \ube44\ud638\uc758 \uacbd\ub85c\u2019\ub97c \ucc3d\uc124\ud55c \uc0ac\uac74\uc740 \ucd5c\uadfc\uc758 \uc8fc\uc694 \uc0ac\ub840\uc774\ub2e4. \uc804\uc790\uac00 \uc9c0\uad6c\uc801 \uc7ac\ub09c\uc758 \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc791\ub3d9\ub418\ub294 \ud55c\uad6d\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub178\uace8\uc801 \ucc28\ubcc4\uc744 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4\uba74, \ud6c4\uc790\ub294 \uad6d\uac00\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uae30\uc5ec\uc640 \ub2a5\ub825\uc758 \uc5ec\ubd80\ub97c \ube44\ud638\uc758 \uc870\uac74\uc73c\ub85c \uc5f0\uacb0\uc2dc\ucf30\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\uad50\ud654 \ub41c \ub09c\ubbfc\ucc28\ubcc4\uc744 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4. \ud6c4\uc790\uac00 \ubb38\uc81c\uc2dc \ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc9d1\ub2e8 \ub0b4\ubd80\uc758 \ucc28\ub4f1\ud654\ub97c \uc804\uc81c\ud558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uc774 \uae00\uc740 \ud55c\uad6d\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\ucc28\ubcc4\uc744 \uc8fc\ub3c4\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \ub450 \uc9d1\ub2e8, \uc989 \ud55c\uad6d\uc815\ubd80\uc640 \ubc18-\ub09c\ubbfc\uc138\ub825\uc758 \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uae30\uc220\ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.2<\/a><\/sup> \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758\ub294, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc774\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uac00\ud574\uc9c0\ub294 \ud3ed\ub825\uc774\uc790, \uac19\uc740 \uc774\uc720\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc6a9\uc778\ub418\uace0 \ubb38\uc81c\uc2dc\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \ud3ed\ub825\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc704 \uc9d1\ub2e8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uacfc \uac00\uce58\uc758 \ucc28\uc6d0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc81c\ub3c4\uc640 \u2018\uad6d\ubbfc\ubcf4\ud638\u2019\ub97c \ub9e4\uac1c\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \uc81c\ub3c4\uc801 \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758\uc640 \uad6d\ubbfc\ubcf4\ud638\uc758 \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758\ub85c \uaddc\uc815\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.3<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uc81c\ub3c4\uc801 \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\ubc30\uacbd: \ub09c\ubbfc\ud611\uc57d\uacfc \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\uc810<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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\ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95\uc744 \uad6c\uc0c1\ud558\uace0 \uc81c\uc815\ud560 \ub2f9\uc2dc \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc0ac\ud68c\uac00 \uc9c0\uc801\ud55c \ub300\ud45c \ubb38\uc81c\ub4e4\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc558\ub2e4. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2460\ucd9c\uc785\uad6d\ud56d \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc870\ud56d(\ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95 \uc81c6\uc870)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2461\uac04\uc774\uc808\ucc28 \uaddc\uc815(\ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95 \uc81c8\uc870 \uc81c5\ud56d) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2462\uc778\ub3c4\uc801 \uccb4\ub958\uc790\uc640 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad\uc790 \ucc98\uc6b0 \uaddc\uc815 \ubbf8\ube44(\ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95 \uc81c39\uc870-\uc81c44\uc870). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uc774\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc6b0\ub824\ub294 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95 \uc2dc\ud589 \uc774\ud6c4 \uac70\uc758 \uace7\ubc14\ub85c \ud604\uc2e4\uc774 \ub418\uc5b4 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0ac\ub2e4. \uba3c\uc800, \ucd9c\uc785\uad6d\ud56d \uacf5\ubb34\uc6d0\ub4e4\uc758 \ud589\uc815\ub0a8\uc6a9\uc744 \ub9c9\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uac04\uc774\uc2ec\uc0ac\ub294 \uc2e4\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \uc2ec\uc0ac\uac00 \ub418\uc5b4 \ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uc2ec\uc0ac\uae30\ud68c\ub97c \ubc15\ud0c8\ud558\ub294 \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c \uac00\uc838\uc654\ub2e4. \uacf5\ud56d\ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc81c\ub3c4\uc758 \uc0b0\ubb3c\uc774\ub2e4. \ub2e4\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c, \ud55c\uad6d\uc815\ubd80\ub294 2014\ub144 \uc2dc\ub9ac\uc544\ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc744 \uae30\uc810\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ub3c4\uc801 \uccb4\ub958\uc790\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud5c8\uac00\ub97c \ub298\ub838\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc774\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ucde8\uc5c5\uae30\ud68c\ub098 \uae30\ucd08\uc0dd\ud65c\ubcf4\uc7a5\uc744 \uc804\ud600 \ub9c8\ub828\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0\uc11c \uc9c4\ud589\ud55c \uc77c\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ub9ce\uc740 \uc218\uc758 \uc778\ub3c4\uc801 \uccb4\ub958\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc790\uad6c\ucc45\uc744 \ubc1c\ud718\ud574\uc11c \uc0b4\uc544\uac00\uc57c \ud588\ub2e4.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uc704 \uc0ac\uc548\ub4e4\uc744 \uac1c\uc815\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 2015\ub144\ubd80\ud130 \u2460\ucd9c\uc785\uad6d\ud56d \uc81c\ub3c4\ub97c \uac1c\uc120\ud558\ub294 \uc548 \u2461\uc778\ub3c4\uc801 \uccb4\ub958\uc790\uc758 \ucc98\uc6b0\ub97c \uac1c\uc120\ud558\ub294 \uc548 \u2462\ub09c\ubbfc\uc2ec\uc0ac\uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2f9\uc0ac\uc790\uc758 \uad8c\ub9ac\ubcf4\uc7a5\uc744 \uac15\ud654\ud558\ub294 \ub0b4\uc6a9 \ub4f1\uc758 \uac1c\uc120\uc548\uc774 \ub2e4\uc218 \ubc1c\uc758\ub41c \ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc2dc\ub3c4\ub294 2015\ub144 \ud14c\ub7ec\ubc29\uc9c0\ubc95\uc758 \uc81c\uc815\uc744 \uc815\ub2f9\ud654 \ud558\ub294 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc5d0 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uad6d\uac00\uc548\ubcf4\uc758 \uc704\ud611 \ub4f1\uc774 \ub3d9\uc6d0\ub428\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ud1b5\uacfc\ub418\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ub0ae\uc740 \uc778\uc815\ub960<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\ud55c\uad6d\uc815\ubd80\uc758 \ucd9c\uc785\uad6d(\uad6d\uacbd)\uad00\ub9ac\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\uac00 \uad6d\uc81c\ubc95\uc774 \uc815\ud55c \uad8c\ub9ac\ub97c \uc81c\uc57d\ud558\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc758 \ub300\ud45c\uc801\uc778 \uc9c0\ud45c\ub294 \ub0ae\uc740 \ub09c\ubbfc \uc778\uc815\ub960\uc744 \ub4e4 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc740 OECD\uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uacfc\uc758 \ube44\uad50\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \ubcf4\ub2e4 \ubd84\uba85\ud788 \ud30c\uc545\ub41c\ub2e4. \uc120\uc9c4\uad6d\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \ud55c\uad6d\uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc2e4\ucc9c\uc744 \ub4b7\ubc1b\uce68\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ub0a8\uc6a9\uc801 \ub09c\ubbfc, \ud5c8\uc704 \ub09c\ubbfc, \uac00\uc9dc \ub09c\ubbfc \ub4f1\uc758 \ub2f4\ub860\uc774\ub2e4. \uc815\uc0c1\ud654 \ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc81c\ub3c4\ub294 \uc27d\uc0ac\ub9ac \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac78 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc758 \ud0d3\uc73c\ub85c \ub3cc\ub9b0\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc740 \uad6d\uc81c\uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud55c\uad6d\uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc57d\uc18d\ub9cc\uc744 \ubbff\uace0 \uc774\uacf3\uc744 \ucc3e\uc544\uc654\uc744 \ubfd0\uc774\ub2e4. \ub2e4\uc74c \ud45c\uc5d0\uc11c \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub098\ub4ef\uc774, \ub0ae\uc740 \uc778\uc815\ub960\uc740 \ud55c\uad6d\uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uc57d\uc18d\uc744 \uc774\ud589\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uba85\ubc31\ud55c \uc99d\uac70\uc774\ub2e4.4<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Line
[\ud45c-1]<\/strong> \uc9c0\ub09c 20\ub144 \uac04 \ub300\ud55c\ubbfc\uad6d \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad \ubc0f \uc778\uc815\ub960 \ud604\ud669(2004\u20132022)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"Bar
[\ud45c-2]<\/strong> OECD \ud68c\uc6d0\uad6d\uac00 \ubcc4 \ub09c\ubbfc \uc778\uc815\ub960 \ud604\ud669<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\uc815\uc0c1\ud654 \ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2ec\uc0ac\uc81c\ub3c4<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\ud55c\uad6d\uc815\ubd80\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2ec\uc0ac\uccb4\uacc4\ub294 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc815\uc0c1\ud654 \ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub2e4. \uc2ec\uc0ac\uc801\uccb4\uac00 \uc2ec\uac01\ud558\uba70, \uc2e0\uccad\uc790 \ub300\ube44 \ub2f4\ub2f9 \uacf5\ubb34\uc6d0\uc758 \uc218\uac00 \ud131\uc5c6\uc774 \uc801\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \uc808\ucc28\uc0c1\uc758 \uc815\uc758\ub4e4\uc774 \ubb34\ub108\uc9c0\ub294 \uc0ac\uac74\ub4e4\uc774 \uacc4\uc18d \ubc1c\uc0dd\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud55c\uad6d\uc815\ubd80\ub294 \ucd08\uae30\ubd80\ud130 \uc2ec\uc0ac\uc801\uccb4\ub97c \ud574\uc18c\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \ubc29\uc548\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub178\ub825\uc744 \uae30\uc6b8\uc600\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc2ec\uc0ac\uccb4\uacc4\uc758 \uc870\uac74\ub4e4\uc744 \ud655\ucda9\ud558\uace0 \uc815\uc0c1\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \uc18d\ub3c4\ub97c \ub192\uc774\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c4\ud589\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \ucc3e\uc544\ub0b8 \ub2f5\uc740 \u2018\uc2e0\uc18d\uc2ec\uc0ac\uc720\ud615\u2019\uc744 \ubd84\ub958\ud558\uc5ec \uc774 \uc720\ud615\uc5d0 \uc18d\ud55c \uc2e0\uccad\uc744 \ube60\ub974\uac8c \ubd88\uc778\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774 \uc720\ud615\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \ubd84\ub958\uae30\uc900\uc5d0\ub294 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \ub9ce\uc558\ub2e4. \ub300\ud45c\uc801\uc778 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc0ac\uc720\uc5d0 \ud574\ub2f9\ub418\ub294 \uc2e0\uccad(\uc871\uc7a5\uc2b9\uacc4, \uceec\ud2b8 \ub4f1)\uacfc \uae30\uc900\uc744 \uba85\ud655\ud788 \uc138\uc6b8 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub294 \ub0a8\uc6a9\uc801\uc778 \uc7ac\uc2e0\uccad \ub4f1\uc774 \ud3ec\ud568\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc5c8\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uc18d\ub3c4\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc2ec\uc0ac\uc801\uccb4\ub97c \ud574\uacb0\ud558\ub824\uace0 \ud55c \ud55c\uad6d\uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uae30\uc870\ub294 \ub2e4\uc218\uc758 \uc7ac \uc2e0\uccad\uc790\ub97c \uc591\uc0b0\ud588\uace0, \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4 \ubc95\ubb34\ubd80 \ub0b4\ubd80\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ub2e4\uc218\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\uba74\uc811\uc870\uc11c\uac00 \uc870\uc791\ub418\ub294 \uc778\uad8c\uce68\ud574 \uc0ac\uac74\uc774 \ubc8c\uc5b4\uc9c0\uae30\ub3c4 \ud588\ub2e4. \uad6d\uac00\uc778\uad8c\uc704\uc6d0\ud68c\uc640 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uad8c\uc13c\ud130\ub294 1-2\ucc9c \uac74\uc758 \uc870\uc791\uc744 \ucd94\uc815\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uacf5\ud56d\ub09c\ubbfc, \uc778\ub3c4\uc801 \uccb4\ub958\uc790, \uc7ac\uc2e0\uccad\uc790<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\uc704\uc758 \uc5b8\uae09\ucc98\ub7fc \uacf5\ud56d\ub09c\ubbfc, \uc778\ub3c4\uc801 \uccb4\ub958\uc790, \uc7ac\uc2e0\uccad\uc790\ub294 \ubaa8\ub450 \uc815\uc0c1\ud654 \ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ud55c\uad6d \ub09c\ubbfc\uc81c\ub3c4\uc758 \uc0b0\ubb3c\uc774\ub2e4. \u2460\uacf5\ud56d\ub09c\ubbfc\uc740 \ud55c\uad6d\uc815\ubd80\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad\uc758 \uad8c\ub9ac\ub97c \ubc15\ud0c8\ub2f9\ud55c \ud615\uc0c1\uc774\uba70, \u2461\uc778\ub3c4\uc801 \uccb4\ub958\uc790\ub294 \ud55c\uad6d\uc815\ubd80\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uc815 \uc6b0\ud68c \uc804\ub7b5\uc774 \ub0b3\uc740 \uc560\ub9e4\ubaa8\ud638\ud55c \uc9c0\uc704\uc774\ub2e4. \u2462\uc7ac\uc2e0\uccad\uc790\ub294 \ud55c\uad6d\uc815\ubd80\uc758 \ub0ae\uc740 \ube44\ud638\uc758\uc9c0\ub97c \uc628\ubab8 \uadf8\ub300\ub85c \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub0b4\ub294 \uc874\uc7ac\ub4e4\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc885\ud569\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc7a5\uae30\uc801\uc778 \ubcf5\uc9c0\uacc4\ud68d\uc740 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. \ud55c\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uc815\uc744 \ubc1b\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c \ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc740 \ubcf5\uc9c0 \ub300\uc2e0 \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc815\ucc45\uacf5\ub3d9\ud654\uac00 \ub9cc\ub4e0 (\uc5b8\uc81c\ub4e0 \uc885\ub8cc\ub420\uc9c0 \ubaa8\ub974\ub294) \ubd88\ud655\uc2e4\ud55c \ub300\uae30\uc2dc\uac04\uc744 \ubd80\uc5ec\ubc1b\ub294\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774 \uc548\uc5d0\uc11c \uc790\uad6c\ucc45\uc73c\ub85c \ud558\ub8e8\ud558\ub8e8\ub97c \uc5f0\uba85\ud574\ub098\uac00\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uc0dd\uacc4\ube44\uc758 \ub0ae\uc740 \uc9c0\ucd9c\uacfc \uc608\uc0b0\uc0ad\uac10<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uad8c\uc13c\ud130\ub294 \uae34 \uc2dc\uac04 \ud55c\uad6d \ubc95\ubb34\ubd80\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc608\u00b7\uacb0\uc0b0\uc744 \ubaa8\ub2c8\ud130\ub9c1 \ud574\uc654\uace0, \ucd5c\uadfc 3-4\ub144 \uac04\uc758 \uc9c0\ucd9c\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc2ec\uac01\ud55c \ubbf8-\uc9c0\ucd9c\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud588\ub2e4.5<\/a><\/sup> \uc774 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc740 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \u201c\ub09c\ubbfc\uc774\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0\u201d \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uc77c\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud55c\ub2e4. 2022\ub144 \uae30\uc900 \ud55c\uad6d\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc608\uc0b0\uc740 37\uc5b5 \uc6d0\uc774\uace0, \uc774 \uac00\uc6b4\ub370 \ud55c\ud574 1\ub144 \ub3d9\uc548 \uc9d1\ud589\ub41c \uc608\uc0b0\uc740 \uc57d 27\uc5b5\uc6d0\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4(\uc804\uccb4\uc608\uc0b0\uc758 74%). \uad00\ub828\ud558\uc5ec \ucd5c\uadfc 4\ub144\uac04\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc608\uc0b0\uc758 \ud3c9\uade0\uc9d1\ud589\ub960\uc740 69%\uc774\ub2e4([\ud45c-3]).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Year<\/strong><\/td>Budget Execution Rate<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
2019<\/td>98%<\/td><\/tr>
2020<\/td>78%<\/td><\/tr>
2021<\/td>56%<\/td><\/tr>
2022<\/td>74%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
[\ud45c-3]<\/strong> \ucd5c\uadfc 4\ub144\uac04 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc608\uc0b0 \uc9d1\ud589\ub960(2019-2022)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\ucf54\ub85c\ub09819\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\uc73c\ub85c 2020\ub144\ubd80\ud130 2022\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc9c0\ub09c 3\ub144\uac04\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc608\uc0b0 \uc9d1\ud589\uc740 \uc804\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc800\uc870\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub098\ub9c8 2022\ub144\uc740 2021\ub144\uc5d0 \ube44\ud574 20%\uac00\ub7c9 \ub192\uc740 \uc608\uc0b0 \uc9d1\ud589\ub960\uc744 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0c8\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ucf54\ub85c\ub098 \uc774\uc804\uc758 \ud3c9\uade0\uce58\ub97c \ud68c\ubcf5\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. \ub09c\ubbfc\uc608\uc0b0\uc740 \u2460\ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uc815\uc2ec\uc0ac \u2461\ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad\uc790 \ucc98\uc6b0 \u2462\ucd9c\uc785\uad6d\uc678\uad6d\uc778\uc9c0\uc6d0\uc13c\ud130 \u2463\uc7ac\uc815\ucc29\ub09c\ubbfc \u2464\uc5f0\uc218\/\ud68c\uc758\ucc38\uc11d\uc744 1\ucc28 \ubd84\ub958\ub85c \uc0bc\uace0, \uc774\uc5d0 \uadfc\uac70\ud574 2\ucc28 \ubd84\ub958\uc640 3\ucc28 \uc0c1\uc138\ubd84\ub958\ub85c \uad6c\uc870\ud654\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc911\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc7a5 \ub0ae\uc740 \uc9d1\ud589\ub960\uc744 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b8 \uac83\uc740, \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uc720\uc77c\ud55c \uad8c\ub9ac\uc608\uc0b0\uc778 \u2018\ucc98\uc6b0\u2019\ud56d\ubaa9\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4(35%). 2021\ub144\uc5d0\ub3c4 \u2018\ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad\uc790\uc758 \ucc98\uc6b0\u2019\ub294 \uac00\uc7a5 \ub0ae\uc740 \uc9d1\ud589\ub960\uc744 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b8 \ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4(11.5%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Year<\/strong><\/td>Budget<\/strong><\/td>Expenditure<\/strong><\/td>Execution Rate<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
2020<\/td>931,497,000<\/td>575,200,000<\/td>61.8%<\/td><\/tr>
2021<\/td>931,497,000<\/td>108,040,000<\/td>11.6%<\/td><\/tr>
2022<\/td>931,497,000<\/td>325,171,000<\/td>35%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
[\ud45c-4]<\/strong> \ucd5c\uadfc 3\ub144\uac04 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad\uc790 \ucc98\uc6b0 \uc608\uc0b0, \uacb0\uc0b0, \uc9d1\ud589\ub960(2020-2022)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\ucc98\uc6b0\uc608\uc0b0\uc758 \uc800\uc870\ud55c \uc9c0\ucd9c\uc740 \ucc98\uc6b0 \uc608\uc0b0 \uc911 \ub9ce\uc740 \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \ucc28\uc9c0\ud558\ub294 \uc0dd\uacc4\ube44\uc608\uc0b0\uc758 \ubbf8 \uc9c0\ucd9c \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4([\ud45c-5]\ucc38\uace0). \ucf54\ub85c\ub098\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \uc2e0\uccad\uc774 \uac10\uc18c\ud588\ub2e4\uba74, \ub2e4\ub978 \ubc29\ubc95\uc744 \ub9c8\ub828\ud574\uc11c\ub77c\ub3c4 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6c0\uc744 \uacaa\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad\uc790\ub4e4\uc744 \ub3cc\ubcf4\uc558\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc5b4\ub824\uc6c0\ub4e4\uc744 \uac10\uc548\ud558\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4 \uc774\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uc9c0\ucd9c\uc0c1\ud669\uc740 \uba85\ubc31\ud788 \ube44\ud569\ub9ac\uc801 \ud589\uc815\uc774\uc790 \uc5c5\ubb34\uc2e4\ucc45\uc774\ub77c \ud310\ub2e8\ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Year<\/strong><\/td>Budget<\/strong><\/td>Expenditure<\/strong><\/td>Execution Rate<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
2020<\/td>839,362,000<\/td>546,000,000<\/td>65.0%<\/td><\/tr>
2021<\/td>839,362,000<\/td>52,000,000<\/td>6.2%<\/td><\/tr>
2022<\/td>839,362,000<\/td>247,186,000<\/td>29.4%<\/td><\/tr>
2023<\/td>710,120,000<\/td>in progress<\/td>in progress<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
[\ud45c-5]<\/strong> \ucd5c\uadfc 4\ub144\uac04 \uc0dd\uacc4\ube44 \uc608\uc0b0, \uacb0\uc0b0, \uc9d1\ud589\ub960(2020-2023)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\uad6d\ubbfc\ubcf4\ud638\uc758 \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\ud55c\uad6d\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \ubc18 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc138\ub825\uc744 \ud2b9\uc815 \ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b4 \uc77c\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \ud2b9\uc815 \ubcf4\uc218\ub2e8\uccb4\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\uace0, \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc801\ub300\uc801\uc778 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\uba70, \uad6d\uac00\ub97c \ubcf4\ud638\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc560\uc4f0\ub294 \u2018\uc560\uad6d\uc790\u2019\uc774\uc790, \ud45c\ub97c \uc5bb\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uc815\uce58\uc9d1\ub2e8\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\ub2e4. \uc774\ub4e4\uc758 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uc5bc\uad74\ub9cc\ud07c\uc774\ub098 \uc774\ud574\uad00\uc2ec \uc5ed\uc2dc \ud558\ub098\ub85c \uc751\ucd95\ub420 \uc218\ub294 \uc5c6\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7fc\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubc18 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc138\ub825\uc758 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc740 \uc77c\uc815\uc815\ub3c4\uc758 \uacf5\ud1b5\ub41c \uae30\ubc18\uc704\uc5d0\uc11c \ud615\uc131\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uc774\uae00\uc740 \u2018\uad6d\ubbfc\ubcf4\ud638\u2019\ub77c\ub294 \ud575\uc2ec\uc5b4\ub85c \uadf8\uac83\uc744 \uad00\ucc30\ud558\uace0\uc790 \ud55c\ub2e4.6<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\uad6d\ubbfc\uc744 \ubcf4\ud638\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\ubc18 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc138\ub825\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc740 \uad6d\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0dd\uba85\uacfc \uad6d\uac00\uc548\ubcf4\uc5d0 \uc704\ud611\uc774 \ub418\ub294 \uc874\uc7ac, \uc989 \ud14c\ub7ec\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub4e4\ub85c \uaddc\uc815\ub41c\ub2e4. \uadfc\uac70\ub294 \uac00\uc9dc\ub274\uc2a4\uac00 \uc7ac\ud604\ud55c \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \ud48d\uacbd\ub4e4\uc774\ub2e4. \ud55c\uad6d \ubc18 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc138\ub825\uc758 \uc11c\uad6c\uc911\uc2ec\uc8fc\uc758\ub97c \uad00\ucc30\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ub9e5\ub77d\uc774\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc774\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \ub09c\ubbfc\ud611\uc57d\uacfc \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95\uc740 \uad6d\ubbfc\uc758 \uc0dd\uba85\uc744 \ud574\uce58\ub294 \ub098\uc05c \ubc95\uc77c \ubfd0\uc774\ub2e4. \uad6d\uc81c\ubc95\uc801 \uaddc\uc815\uacfc \ud544\uc694\uc131\uc740 \uad6d\ubbfc\uc758 \uc0dd\uba85\uc744 \ubcf4\ud638\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uc8fc\uc7a5 \uc544\ub798 \ubaa8\ub450 \ud3d0\uae30 \ub41c\ub2e4. \uc774\ub4e4\uc758 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74, \ub09c\ubbfc\uc740 \ubc15\ud574\ub97c \ud53c\ud574 \ud55c\uad6d\uc5d0 \uc628 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \ud14c\ub7ec\ub97c \uc800\uc9c0\ub974\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc628 \uac83\uc774 \ub41c\ub2e4. \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc545\ub9c8\ud654\uc758 \uc804\ud615\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\uc81c \uad6d\ubbfc\uc758 \uc0dd\uba85\uacfc \ub09c\ubbfc\uad8c\ub9ac\ub97c \ubcf4\uc7a5\ud558\ub294 \uc77c\uc740 \uc81c\ub85c\uc12c\uad00\uacc4\uc5d0 \ub193\uc778\ub2e4. \uc989 \uc774\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc815\uc758\ub85c\uc6b4 \uad6d\uac00\ub780 \uad6d\ubbfc\uc758 \uad8c\ub9ac\ub97c \uc6b0\uc120\ud558\uace0, \uc0dd\uba85\uc744 \uc99d\uc9c4\ud558\ub294 \uc77c\uc744 \ud574\ub0b4\ub294 \uad6d\uac00\uc774\uba70, \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uad6d\uac00\ub294 \uace7 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95\uc744 \ud3d0\uc9c0\ud558\uace0 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc744 \ub0b4\ucad3\ub294 \uad6d\uac00\uc778 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\ub09c\ubbfc \ubb38\uc81c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud558\uc5ec \uc0c1\ub300\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uac70\ub9ac\uac00 \uba3c \ub300\ud55c\ubbfc\uad6d\uc774 \uc774\uac83\uc744 \ub2e4\ub8e8\ub294 \uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \uacfc\uc5f0 \uc2e4\ud6a8\uc131\uc774 \uc788\ub294\uc9c0\uac00 \uc758\ubb38\uc774 \ub4ed\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \ud604\uc7ac\ub294 \ubd88\ubc95\uccb4\ub958\uc790\uc640 \ub2e4\ub978 \ubb38\ud654\ub9c8\ucc30\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \uc0ac\ud68c\ubb38\uc81c\ub3c4 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc874\uc7ac\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub807\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uad6c\ud0dc\uc5ec \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad\uc744 \ubc1b\uc544\uc11c \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0dd\uacc4\ub97c \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud574\uc8fc\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc790\uad6d\ubbfc\uc758 \uc548\uc804\uacfc \uc81c\uc8fc\ub3c4\uc758 \uacbd\uc81c\ud65c\uc131\ud654\uc5d0 \uae30\uc5ec\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294\uc9c0 \uc2ec\ud788 \uc6b0\ub824\uc640 \uc758\ubb38\uc774 \ub4dc\ub294 \ubc14\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.7<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \uc65c \ud55c\uad6d\uc5d0 \uc654\uc744\uae4c\uc694? \uc608\uba58\uc740 \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c\uc6d0\ub9ac\uc8fc\uc758\uc790\ub4e4\uc778 \ubb34\ud3ec\uc640 \ub0a8\ubd80 \uc54c\uce74\uc5d0\ub2e4\uc758 \ubd84\uc7c1\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \uc77c\ubc18 \uc2dc\ubbfc\ub2e8\uccb4\ub4e4\ub3c4 \ud14c\ub7ec\ub97c \uc77c\uc0bc\ub294 \ub0b4\uc804 \uc0c1\ud669\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc5b8\ub860\uc740 \ub9d0\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c \uc6d0\ub9ac\uc8fc\uc758\uc790\ub4e4\uacfc \uc54c\uce74\uc5d0\ub2e4, \ud14c\ub7ec\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub294 \uc18c\uc218\ub77c\uace0. \uacfc\uc5f0 \uadf8\ub7f4\uae4c\uc694? (\uc911\ub7b5) \uc774\uc81c \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \ubaa8\ub450 \ubb38\uc744 \ub2eb\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uad6d\ubbfc\uc758 \uc0dd\uba85\uacfc \uc548\uc804\uc744 \uc9c0\ud0a4\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ub9d0\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc5bc\ub9c8 \uc804 \uc8fc\ubcc0\uc5d0 \uc544\uc774\uc5d0\uc2a4\uc5d0 \uac00\uc785\uc744 \uad8c\uc720\ud55c \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad\uc790\uac00 \uad6c\uc18d\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc81c\uc8fc\uc608\uba58\uc778\ub4e4 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0 \uce7c\ubd80\ub9bc\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\uc73c\uba70, \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc608\uba58\uc778\uc740 \uc815\uc2e0\ubd84\uc5f4\uc99d\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\uc1a1\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub4e4\uc774 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc758 \uc548\uc804\uc744 \uc704\ud611\ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc544\ub2d9\ub2c8\uae4c?8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uc81c\uc8fc\uc758 \uc608\uba58\uc778\ub9cc \ubb38\uc81c\ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc778\ucc9c\u00b7\ubd80\uc0b0 \ub4f1 \uc721\uc9c0\ub85c \uc785\uad6d\ud55c \uc608\uba58\uc778\ub3c4 217\uba85\uc5d0 \uc774\ub978\ub2e4. \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \ub3c4\ub300\uccb4 \uc5b4\ub514\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294\uac00. \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uc774\ub4e4\uc758 \uc18c\uc7ac\ub97c \ud30c\uc545\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294\uc9c0 \ubb3b\ub294\ub2e4. \uc608\uba58\ub9cc \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uc9d1\ud2b8\uc778 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad\uc790\ub3c4 630\uba85\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub0ac\ub2e4. \uc608\uba58, \uc774\uc9d1\ud2b8 \ubaa8\ub450 \ud14c\ub7ec\uc870\uc9c1\uc758 \uadfc\uac70\uc9c0\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uacf5\uc9c0\uc758 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc774\ub2e4. \uad6d\ubbfc\uc758 \ubd88\uc548\uacfc \uc704\ud5d8\uc744 \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uc678\uba74\ud55c\ub2e4\uba74 \uad6d\ubbfc\uc740 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c \uc790\uc2e0\uc744 \uc9c0\ud0ac \uc218\ubc16\uc5d0 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \ud53c\ud574\uc790\ub294 \uacb0\uad6d \ud3c9\ubc94\ud55c \uad6d\ubbfc\uc774\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. (\uc911\ub7b5) \uad6d\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc740 \uc9c0\uce58\uace0 \ub450\ub835\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uac1c\uc815\uc548\uc73c\ub85c \uad6d\ubbfc\uc744 \uc6b0\ub871\ud558\uace0 \uc18d\uc774\uc9c0 \ub9d0\uace0 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95\uc744 \uc989\uac01 \ud3d0\uc9c0\ud558\uc2dc\uae38 \ubc14\ub78d\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc774 \uad6d\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc774 \uc6d0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub798\uc11c \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \uc774\ub807\uac8c \uc678\uce58\uace0 \uc2f6\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uac1c\uc815\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \ud3d0\uc9c0\ub97c \uc6d0\ud55c\ub2e4. \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95\uc744 \uc989\uac01 \ud3d0\uc9c0\ud558\ub77c. \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \uc120\ub840\uac00 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc758 \ubbf8\ub798\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc90d\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub3c5\uc77c\uc740 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95\uc5d0 \uc0c1\uc138\ud55c \uaddc\uc815\uc744 \ub450\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc94\uc8c4\uac00 \uac00\uc7a5 \ub9ce\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\ub294 \ub098\ub77c \uc911 \ud558\ub098\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc601\uad6d\uacfc \ud504\ub791\uc2a4\ub294 \ub2e4\ubb38\ud654\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \uc2e4\ud328\ub97c \uc120\uc5b8\ud588\uc73c\uba70, \uba54\ub974\ucf08 \ub610\ud55c \ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\uc600\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc544\uc9c1 \ub2a6\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95\uc744 \ud3d0\uc9c0\ud560 \uac83\uc744 \ub2e4\uc2dc \ucd09\uad6c\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc\uc758 \ud3ed\ub825\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub098\ub77c \uc5ec\uc131\ub4e4\uc744 \ubcf4\ud638\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\ubc18 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc138\ub825\uc758 \uad6d\ubbfc\ubcf4\ud638\ub294 \ubcf4\ub2e4 \uad6c\uccb4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c, \uc5ec\uc131\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubcf4\ud638\ub85c \uc7ac\ud604\ub41c\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc740 \ud06c\uac8c 2\uac00\uc9c0\uc758 \uc774\uc720 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \uba3c\uc800, 2018\ub144 \ub2f9\uc2dc \ud55c\uad6d\uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0\ub294 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc5ec\uc131\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud3ed\ub825\uc774 \uc77c\uc0c1\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc791\ub3d9\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc \uadf8\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucc98\ubc8c\uc774\ub098 \ubb38\uc81c\ud654\ub294 \ud65c\ubc1c\ud788 \uc774\ub904\uc9c0\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \ubc18\uba74 \ud55c\uad6d\uc0ac\ud68c\uac00 \uc5ec\uc131\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud3ed\ub825\uc744 \ub300\ub300\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uac00\uc2dc\ud654\ud558\uace0 \uc804\uccb4\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub85c \uc124\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\ub294 \uadf8\uac83\uc774 \uad6d\uac00\uc758 \uc704\uae30\uc640 \uc5f0\uacb0\ub420 \ub54c\uc774\ub2e4. \u2018\uc77c\ubcf8\uad70 \uc704\uc548\ubd80\u2019 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \ub300\ud45c\uc801\uc774\ub2e4. \uc5ec\uc131\ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \uadf8 \uc790\uccb4, \uc989 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\uc81c\ub85c\uc11c \ub2e4\ub904\uc9c0\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \uad6d\uac00\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub85c \ud761\uc218\ub418\uc5b4 \uc81c\uae30\ub418\ub294 \uad6c\uc870\uc774\ub2e4. \ub2e4\ub978 \ud558\ub098\ub294 2014\ub144 \u2018\uac15\ub0a8\uc5ed \uc5ec\uc131\ud610\uc624\uc0b4\uc778\uc0ac\uac74\u2019 \uc774\ud6c4 \ud55c\uad6d\uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0\ub294 \ud398\ubbf8\ub2c8\uc998\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc9c0\uc9c0\uc640 \ubc18\ub300\uac00 \ub3d9\uc2dc\ub2e4\ubc1c\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ucee4\uc9c4 \ubc14 \uc788\ub294\ub370, \ubc18 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc138\ub825\uc774 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ud750\ub984\uc744 \ud65c\uc6a9\ud588\ub2e4\uace0\ub3c4 \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \uc218\ub9ce\uc740 \ub098\ub77c\ub4e4\uc774 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc744 \ubc1b\uc544\ub4e4\uc5ec \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \uc794\ud639\ud55c \ubc94\uc8c4\uc5d0 \ub178\ucd9c\ub418\uace0 \ud53c\ud574\uac00 \ud76c\uc0dd\uc790\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\uae4c? \ud53c\ud574\uc790\ub294 \uc5ec\uc131\uacfc \uc544\uc774\ub4e4\uc774 \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc774\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.10<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uc544\uc9c1\ub3c4 \uba85\uc608\uc0b4\uc778\uc774 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c0\uace0 \uc5ec\uc131\uc744 \ud568\ubd80\ub85c \uc5ec\uae30\uace0 \ud559\ub300\ud558\ub294 \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c\uc758 \uc5ec\uc131\uc778\uad8c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud558\uc5ec \ubb38\ud654\uc801 \uc0c1\ub300\uc8fc\uc758\ub77c\uba70 \uc628\uc815\uc744 \ub9d0\ud558\uc2ed\ub2c8\uae4c? \ud788\uc7a1\uacfc \ube0c\ub85c\uce74\ub97c \ucc29\uc6a9\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uc5ec\uc131\uc740 \uac15\uac04\ud574\ub3c4 \uc88b\ub2e4\ub294 \ubb38\ud654\ub97c \ubc1b\uc544\ub4e4\uc77c \uc218 \uc788\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\uae4c?11<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uadf8\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \ud48d\uc2b5\uc774 \uc788\uc5b4\uc694. \uac74\uac15\ud55c 20\ub300, 30\ub300, 40\ub300. 20\ub300\ub294 80\ud504\ub85c \uc774\uc0c1\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \ubb38\ud654\uac00 \uc5b4\ub5a4\uac74\uc9c0 \uc54c\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uc2dc\uc8e0. \uc885\uad50\ub3c4 \uc54c\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uc2dc\uc8e0. \uc5ec\uc790\ub97c \ubb50\ub77c\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud569\ub2c8\uae4c. \ub178\uc608, \uc131\ub178\uc608, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uc5b4\ub838\uc744 \ub54c\ubd80\ud130 \ubc30\uc6cc\uc628 \uac83, \uc544\ubc84\uc9c0\uc5d0\uac8c \ud560\uc544\ubc84\uc9c0\uc5d0\uac8c \ubc30\uc6cc\uc628 \uac83, \uc5ec\uc790\ub294 \ub54c\ub824, \uc131\ub178\uc608 \uc2dc\ucf1c, \uc54c\ub77c\uc2e0\uc744 \uc704\ud558\uc5ec \ubaa9\uc228\uc744 \ubc14\uccd0! \uc774\ub7f0 \uad50\uc721\uc744 \ubc1b\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.12<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\ubc18 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc138\ub825\ub4e4\uc758 \uc774\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubc1b\uc740 \uac83\uc778\uc9c0 \uc815\ud655\ud788 \ud655\uc778\ud560 \uc218\ub294 \uc5c6\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub2f9\uc2dc \ubcf5\uc218\uc758 \ud398\ubbf8\ub2c8\uc2a4\ud2b8 \uc911 \uc77c\ubd80\uadf8\ub8f9\uc740 \ubc18 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc138\ub825\uacfc \uc720\uc0ac\ud55c \uc785\uc7a5\uc744 \ub0b4\ub193\uae30\ub3c4 \ud588\ub2e4.13<\/a><\/sup> \ubc18\uba74 \uc628\ub77c\uc778\ud50c\ub7ab\ud3fc\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc744 \ubc18\ub300\ud558\ub294 \uc785\uc7a5\uacfc \ucc2c\uc131\ud558\ub294 \uc785\uc7a5\uc744 \ub450\uace0 \ub0a8\uc131\uccad\ub144\ub4e4\uc774 \ub17c\uc7c1\uc744 \ubc8c\uc778 \ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud55c\uad6d\uc758 \ud3c9\ud654\ud559\uc790 \uc815\ud76c\uc9c4\uc740 \uc774\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \uc801\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“\uc9c0\uae08 \ub0a8\uc131 \uc8fc\ub3c4\uc758 \uc778\ud130\ub137 \ucee4\ubba4\ub2c8\ud2f0\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 <\ud55c\uad6d \uc5ec\uc131 \ubcf4\ud638=\ub09c\ubbfc \ubc18\ub300>\uc640 <\ub09c\ubbfc\uc774 \ubabb\ub41c \ud55c\uad6d \uc5ec\uc131\uc744 \uac15\uac04\ud574\uc57c=\ub09c\ubbfc \ucc2c\uc131>\uc785\uc7a5\uc774 \uc2f8\uc6b0\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.”14<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u2018\uc9c4\uc9dc\ub09c\ubbfc\u2019\ub9cc\uc744 \ubcf4\ud638\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\ubc18 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc138\ub825\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc18\ub300 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc740 \ub09c\ubbfc \uc790\uccb4\ub97c \ubd80\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uc804\uac1c\ub420 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \ubc18\ub300\ub97c \uc704\ud574 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \uc804\uc81c\ub97c \ubc14\uafbc\ub2e4. \u201c\ud55c\uad6d\uc5d0 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uc628 \ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc740 \ubaa8\ub450 \uac00\uc9dc\ub09c\ubbfc\uc774\ub2e4.\u201d \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc804\uc81c\ub9cc\uc774 \uad6d\ubbfc\uc758 \uc0dd\uba85\uacfc \uc790\uc2e0\ub4e4\uc758 \uc778\ub3c4\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uc815\ub2f9\uc131\uc744 \ud568\uaed8 \ubcf4\ud638\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc720\uc77c\ud55c \ubc29\ubc95\uc774\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub97c \uc704\ud574 \uc628\uac16 \uc778\uc2e0\uacf5\uaca9, \ud53c\ud574\uc790\ub2e4\uc6c0\uc758 \uac15\uc694, \ub3c4\ub355\uc801 \ube44\ub09c, \ub098\uc544\uac00 \uad6d\uc81c\ubc95\uc801 \uc9c0\uc2dd \ub4f1\uc774 \ub3d9\uc6d0\ub41c\ub2e4. \ub300\ud45c\uc801\uc778 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ub4e4\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4. \u2460\uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \ud14c\ub7ec\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud2b8\uc774\uac70\ub098 \ucde8\uc5c5\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \uc628 \uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \uc774\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc774\uc9c0 \uc9c4\uc9dc\ub09c\ubbfc\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u2461\uac74\uc7a5\ud55c \uc80a\uc740 \ub0a8\uc131\ub09c\ubbfc\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc9c4\uc9dc\ub09c\ubbfc\uc77c \uc218 \uc788\ub098? \u2462\uac00\uc871\ub4e4\uc744 \uace0\ud5a5\uc5d0 \ub450\uace0 \uc790\uc2e0\ub4e4\ub9cc \ud53c\ub09c\ud574\uc628 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \uc9c4\uc9dc\ub09c\ubbfc\uc77c\ub9ac \uc5c6\ub2e4. \u2463\ub0b4\uc804\uc740 \ub09c\ubbfc\ud611\uc57d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\uc815\ud558\ub294 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc0ac\uc720\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ubc18 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc138\ub825\uc758 \uac00\uc9dc\ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc740, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uc0c1\uc0c1\ud558\ub294 \uc9c4\uc9dc\ub09c\ubbfc\uc758 \ubaa8\uc2b5\uc744 \uc5b4\ub835\uc9c0 \uc54a\uac8c \ucd94\uc815\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ud55c\ub2e4. \u2460\uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc5f0\uc57d\ud558\uace0 \ubb34\ud574\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \u2461\ub204\uac00 \ubcf4\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4 \ubd84\uba85\ud55c \ud3ed\ub825\uacfc \ud53c\ud574\ub97c \uc785\uc740 \ucde8\uc57d\ud558\uace0 \uc544\ud504\uace0, \uac00\ub09c\ud558\uace0, \uc704\ud5d8\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uc544\ub3d9\uc774\ub098 \uc5ec\uc131, \ub178\uc778\uc758 \ubaa8\uc2b5\uc744 \ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4.15<\/a><\/sup> \u2462\ucc29\ud558\uace0 \uc608\uc758\ub3c4 \ubc1c\ub77c\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4(\ub3c4\ub355\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc62c\ubc14\ub978 \ubaa8\uc2b5\uc774\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4). \u2463\ub0b4\uc804 \uac19\uc740 \uc0c1\ud669\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc 5\uac00\uc9c0 \ub300\ud45c\uc801 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc0ac\uc720\uc5d0 \uaf2d \ub4e4\uc5b4\ub9de\ub294 \ubc15\ud574\ub97c \uacaa\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc9c4\uc9dc\ub09c\ubbfc\ub9cc\uc744 \ubcf4\ud638\ud558\uaca0\ub2e4\ub294 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc740 \uc77c\uba74 \uc778\ub3c4\uc8fc\uc758\ub97c \ub2f4\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc778\ub3c4\uc8fc\uc758\ub294 \uc5b8\uc81c\ub4e0 \uce58\uc548\uc73c\ub85c \ubc14\ub014 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \uce58\uc548 \uad00\uc810\ub9cc\ud07c\uc774\ub098 \uc704\ud5d8\ud558\uace0 \ubb38\uc81c\uc801\uc774\ub2e4. \ubd88\uc30d\ud558\uace0 \ucc29\ud558\uace0, \uc704\ud5d8\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc544\uc57c\ub9cc \u2018\uc778\uac04\ub300\uc811\u2019\uc744 \ud574\uc8fc\uaca0\ub2e4\ub294 \uac74 \uc560\ucd08\ubd80\ud130 \uadf8\ub97c \uc778\uac04\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uc778\uc815\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uaca0\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\/\ud639\uc740 \uc5b8\uc81c\ub4e0 \uc778\uac04\ub2e4\uc6c0\uc744 \uc81c\ud55c\uc2dc\ud0a4\uaca0\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc758\ubbf8\uc774\ub2e4. \ucc29\ud55c \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758\uac00 \ub098\uc05c \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758\uc640 \ub9de\ub2ff\uace0, \uc778\ub3c4\uc8fc\uc758\uac00 \u2018\uce58\uc548\u2019\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc774\ub984\uc778 \uc774\uc720\ub2e4. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\uc9c0\uae08\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uac00\uc871\uc740 \uace0\ud5a5\uc5d0 \ub194\ub450\uace0 \uc790\uae30 \ubab8\ub9cc \ube60\uc838\ub098\uc654\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ubd84\ub4e4\uc774 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc785\ub2c8\uae4c?16<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ub300\ubd80\ubd84 2-30\ub300\uc758 \uac74\uc7a5\ud55c \ub0a8\uc131\ub4e4\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c \uc5b8\ub860\uc778\ud130\ubdf0\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc804\uc7c1\uc744 \ud53c\ud574\uc654\uc73c\uba70 \uc77c\uc744 \ud574 \ub3c8\uc744 \ubc8c\uace0 \uc2f6\ub2e4\uace0 \ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \ubb34\ub9ac\ub97c \uc9c0\uc5b4 \ub300\uaddc\ubaa8\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4\uc654\uc73c\ubbc0\ub85c \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \uc785\uad6d\uc2ec\uc0ac\uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \uc1a1\ud658\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ub9c8\ub545\ud55c \uc774\ub4e4\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uc774\ub4e4\uc744 \ub300\ud55c\ubbfc\uad6d\uc73c\ub85c \uc785\uad6d\uc2dc\ucf30\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc5b8\ub860\uacfc \uc815\ubd80\uc5d0\uac8c \ubb3b\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub4e4\uc774 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc785\ub2c8\uae4c? \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc774 \uc544\ub2d9\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ucde8\uc5c5\ubaa9\uc801\uc758 \uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \uc774\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc774\uba70, \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ubc15\ud574\ub97c \ud53c\ud574\uc628 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ub0b4\uc804\uc758 \ud53c\ub09c\ubbfc\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc720\uc5d4\ub09c\ubbfc\ud611\uc57d\uc744 \ub530\ub97c \ub54c\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\uba70, \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95\uc0c1 \ub09c\ubbfc\ub3c4 \uc544\ub2d9\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub97c \uc54c\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba74\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc774\ub4e4\uc744 \uc785\uad6d\uc2dc\ud0a4\uace0 \uc774\ub4e4\uc744 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uac70\uc9d3 \uc120\uc804\ud558\ub294 \uc774\uc720\ub294 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc785\ub2c8\uae4c? (\uc911\ub7b5) \uad6d\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0dd\uba85\uacfc \uc548\uc804, \ud589\ubcf5\uc744 \ub204\ub9b4 \uad8c\ub9ac\uac00 \ud30c\uad34\ub418\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubd88\uc548\ud574 \uc7a0\uc744 \uc774\ub8e8\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\ub294 \uad6d\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc774 \ub298\uc5b4\ub098\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \ubc15\ud574\ub97c \ubc1b\ub294 \uc9c4\uc815\ud55c \ub09c\ubbfc\uc744 \uac70\ubd80\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2d9\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ube0c\ub85c\ucee4\uc640 \uacb0\ud0c1\ud558\uace0 \ucde8\uc5c5\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad \ud6c4 \ubc1b\ub294 \uc9c0\uc6d0\uae08\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \uccb4\ub958\uc758 \uc218\ub2e8\uc73c\ub85c \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad\uc744 \ud558\ub294 \uac00\uc9dc\ub09c\ubbfc\uc744 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uacb0\ucf54 \uc218\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub294 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. (\uc911\ub7b5) \uc9c0\uae08 \uc5b8\ub860\uc740 \uad6d\ubbfc\uc758 \ubaa9\uc18c\ub9ac\ub97c \ubc18\uc601\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc911\ub9bd\uc744 \uc9c0\ud0a4\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \uac00\uc9dc\ub09c\ubbfc\uc744 \uc9c4\uc9dc\ub09c\ubbfc\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uac70\uc9d3\ub9d0\uc744 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc5b8\ub860\uc740 \uac10\uc131\uc5d0 \ube60\uc838\uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uae68\uc5b4 \uc9c4\uc2e4\uc744 \ub9d0\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.17<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\uc6b0\ub9ac\uc758 \uc774\uc775\uc744 \ubcf4\ud638\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\u201d: \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uc758 \uc120\uad50\uacbd\uc7c1\uacfc \uc815\uce58\uc138\ub825\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubb38\uc81c \uc815\uce58\ud654<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\ubc18 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc138\ub825\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec \uad6c\uc131\uc6d0\ub4e4 \uac00\uc6b4\ub370 \ube7c\ub193\uc744 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc740 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uc640 \uc815\uce58\uc778\ub4e4\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub4e4\uc758 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc810 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\ub294 \uad6d\ubbfc\ubcf4\ud638\uc758 \uc678\ud53c\ub97c \ub450\ub978 \ucc44 \uc790\uc2e0\ub4e4\uc758 \uc774\uc775\uc744 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uc810\uc774\ub2e4. \uc989 \ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\ub85c\ubd80\ud130\uc758 \uad6d\ubbfc\ubcf4\ud638\ub97c \uc55e\uc138\uc6b0\uba70 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\ub294 \uad50\uc138\ud655\uc7a5\uc744, \uc815\uce58\ub294 \ub4dd\ud45c\uc640 \uc9c0\uc9c0\uc728\uc744 \uc62c\ub9ac\uace0\uc790 \ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\ud55c\uad6d\uc758 \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\ub294 \uc7a5\uae30\uac04 \ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uacf5\ud3ec\uc640 \uc120\uad50 \uad00\ub828 \uacbd\uc7c1\uc2ec\uc744 \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub0b4\uc654\uace0, \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ud750\ub984\uc740 2018\ub144 \ub2f9\uc2dc \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc801\uc778 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc18\ub300\ub85c \ud45c\ucd9c\ub41c \ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4. \uad00\ub828\ud558\uc5ec \ud55c\uad6d \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc0ac\ud68c\ud559\uc801 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub4e4\uc740, \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uc758 \ud638\ubaa8\ud3ec\ube44\uc544\uc801 \uc2e4\ucc9c\uc744 \uc2e4\ucd94\ub41c \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uba85\uc608\uc640 \uc815\ub2f9\uc131 \ud655\ubcf4, \uc989 \uc120\uad50\uc640 \uad50\uc138\ud655\uc7a5 \uc804\ub7b5\uc73c\ub85c \ud30c\uc545\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ub9d0\ud55c\ub2e4. \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc18\ub300 \uc5ed\uc2dc \uc774\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \ub9e5\ub77d \uc704\uc5d0\uc11c \uc124\uba85\uc774 \uac00\ub2a5\ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\uc758 \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \ud0dc\ub3c4\ub294 \uc704\uc5d0\uc11c \uc124\uba85\ud55c \uc778\ub3c4\uc8fc\uc758\uc640 \uce58\uc548\uc758 \ud0dc\ub3c4\ub97c \ubaa8\ub450 \ub2f4\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud604\uc7ac \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc120 \ub3d9\uc815\uc2ec\uacfc \uacbd\uacc4\uc2ec\uc774 \uacf5\uc874\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc131\uacbd\uc801 \uac00\ub974\uce68\ub300\ub85c \ub3d9\uc815\uc2ec\uc5d0 \ubb34\uac8c\ub97c \uc2e4\uc5b4\uc57c \ud558\uaca0\uc9c0\ub9cc \uacbd\uacc4\uc758 \uc2dc\uc120\ub3c4 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ud488\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \ubcf8\ub2e4. \uacbd\uacc4\uc758 \uc2dc\uc120\uc744 \uc548\uc815\uc801 \uae30\uc870\ub85c \ud45c\ud604\ud558\uace0 \uc2f6\ub2e4. \uc548\uc815\uc801 \uae30\uc870\uc640 \uc778\ub3c4\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uc815\uc2e0\uc744 6:4\uc815\ub3c4\uc758 \uae30\uc900\uc744 \uac16\uace0 \uac00\ub294 \uac8c \uc88b\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-\uc18c\uac15\uc11d \ubaa9\uc0ac(\uc0c8\uc5d0\ub374\uad50\ud68c)18<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uc7ac\ub09c\uc744 \ud1b5\ud558\uc5ec \uacac\uace0\ud558\ub358 \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c\uc758 \ub545\uc774 \ud754\ub4e4\ub9bc\uc73c\ub85c \ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc\ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc774 \uc8fc\uaed8\ub85c \ub3cc\uc544\uc624\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc720\ub7fd\uc774 \ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc\uc774\ubbfc\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0ac\ud68c\ud1b5\ud569\uc5d0 \uacaa\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6c0\uc774 \ud55c\uad6d\uad50\ud68c\uc5d0 \uacbd\uac01\uc2ec\uc744 \uc8fc\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\ub3c4 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ubb34\uc2ac\ub9bc\ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uc218\uc6a9, \ud1b5\ud569, \uc120\uad50\ub294 \u00b7\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7 \uad50\ud68c\uc758 \uc0ac\uba85\uc774\ub2e4. \ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc774 \ub298\uc5b4\ub0a0 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \u00b7\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7 \uc608\uba58\ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc744 \uc81c\uc8fc\ub3c4\ub85c \ubcf4\ub0b4\uc8fc\uc2e0 \uac83\uc740 \ud55c\uad6d\uad50\ud68c\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc218\uc6a9\uacfc \uc120\uad50\uc5ed\ub7c9 \uac15\ud654\ub97c \uc704\ud574 \ud558\ub098\ub2d8\uaed8\uc11c \ub0b4\ub9ac\uc2e0 \uc5f0\uc2b5\ubb38\uc81c\uc694, \uc608\ubc29\uc8fc\uc0ac\uac00 \uc544\ub2d0\uae4c?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-\uc774\ud638\ud0dd \ub300\ud45c(\ud53c\ub09c\ucc98)19<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

2018\ub144 \uc608\uba58\ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uc785\uad6d\uacfc \uadf8\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uc804\uccb4\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8\uc758\uc2dd\uc740, \ub09c\ubbfc\ubb38\uc81c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc815\uce58\uc138\ub825\ub4e4\uc758 \ud0dc\ub3c4 \uc5ed\uc2dc \ubc14\uafb8\uc5b4 \ub193\uc558\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc744 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubb38\uc81c\uc758 \uc815\uce58\ud654\ub77c\uace0 \ubd80\ub97c \uc218 \uc788\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. 2018\ub144 \uc774\uc804\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc774\uc8fc\ubbfc\ubb38\uc81c\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c\ud55c \uc6b0\ud30c\ub4e4\uc758 \uc785\uc7a5\uc740 \uc2dc\ud61c\uc5d0 \uac00\uae4c\uc6e0\ub2e4. \ud55c\uad6d \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 \uc774\uc8fc\ubbfc \ucd9c\uc2e0 \uad6d\ud68c\uc758\uc6d0\uacfc \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95\uc758 \ubc1c\uc758\uac00 \ubaa8\ub450 \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \uc6b0\ud30c\uc815\ub2f9\uc5d0\uc11c \ub098\uc654\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc774\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uc9c0\ud45c\uc774\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc 2018\ub144 \uc774\ud6c4 \ud55c\uad6d\uc758 \uc6b0\ud30c\ub294 \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \uadf9\uc6b0\ub4e4\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uc815\uce58 \uc804\ub7b5\uc73c\ub85c \ud65c\uc6a9\ud558\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub807\ub2e4\uba74 \ud55c\uad6d\uc758 \uc911\ub3c4\ud30c\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5a8\uae4c? \uc911\ub3c4\ud30c\ub294 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ucd5c\ub300\ud55c \uac74\ub4dc\ub9ac\uace0 \uc2f6\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc544 \ud55c\ub2e4. \ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uad8c\ub9ac\ubc15\ud0c8\uacfc \uace0\ud1b5\uc740 \uc774\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uc815\uce58\uc9c0\ud615\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc1c\uc0dd \ubc0f \uac15\ud654\ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc815\uce58\uc138\ub825\uc740 \uc804\uccb4\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8\uc758\uc2dd\uc744 \ub4dd\ud45c\ub85c \uc5f0\uacb0 \uc9d3\ub294 \uc774\ud574\uc9d1\ub2e8\uc774\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \uc544\ub798\ub294 2018\ub144 \ub2f9\uc2dc \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95 \ud3d0\uc9c0 \ubc0f \uac1c\uc545 \uc548\uc744 \ubc1c\uc758\ud55c \uad6d\ud68c\uc758\uc6d0\ub4e4\uacfc \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc8fc\uc694 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc744 \uc815\ub9ac\ud574 \ub193\uc740 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/td>\uc8fc\uc694 \ubc1c\uc758\ub0b4\uc6a9<\/td><\/tr>
\uc870\uacbd\ud0dc<\/td>\ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95 \ud3d0\uc9c0. \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95\uc744 \ud3d0\uc9c0\ud568\uacfc \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uc758\ub8cc\uae09\uc5ec\ubc95, \uc7ac\ud55c\uc678\uad6d\uc778\ucc98\uc6b0 \uae30\ubcf8\ubc95, \ucd9c\uc785\uad6d\uad00\ub9ac\ubc95, \ud589\uc815\uc808\ucc28\ubc95\uc5d0 \ub09c\ubbfc’\uc774 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac04 \uc870\ud56d \uc804\ubd80\ub97c \uc0ad\uc81c\ud558\uc790\uace0 \uc81c\uc548\ud568.
[\uc8fc\uc694\uc8fc\uc7a5] “\ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95\uc744 \ud3d0\uc9c0\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uc815\uc744 \ub458\ub7ec\uc2fc \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uac08\ub4f1\uc744 \ud574\uc18c\ud558\ub824\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.”<\/td><\/tr>
\uae40\uc9c4\ud0dc<\/td>\ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad\uc740 \ub300\ud55c\ubbfc\uad6d \ubc16\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \ud55c\uad6d\uacf5\uc0ac\uad00\/\uc601\uc0ac\uad00(\uc7ac\uc678\uacf5\uad00)\uc5d0\uc11c\ub9cc \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\uace0 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\uc815\ubc1b\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub9cc \uc785\uad6d\uc744 \ud5c8\uac00\ud574\uc57c\ud568. \uc778\ub3c4\uc801 \uccb4\ub958\uc790, \uc7ac\uc815\ucc29\ud76c\ub9dd\ub09c\ubbfc \ub4f1\uc758 \uc815\uc758\uc870\ud56d\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \uc0ad\uc81c! \ub09c\ubbfc\uc740 \uc624\ub85c\uc9c0 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uc815\uc790\ub9cc\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \ud558\uace0, \ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uc815\uc744 \uc911\ub2e8\/\ubc30\uc81c\ud560\ub9cc\ud55c \uc0ac\uc720\uac00 \uc788\uc73c\uba74(\uadf8\ub294 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\uae30\uc5d0) \uac15\uc81c\uc1a1\ud658 \ud574\uc57c \ud568.
[\uc8fc\uc694\uc8fc\uc7a5] “\ub09c\ubbfc\ud611\uc57d\uc774 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad\uc790\ub97c \ubcf4\ud638\ud558\ub77c\ub294 \uac8c \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4.”<\/td><\/tr>
\uac15\uc11d\ud638<\/td>\uc0ac\uc804\ub09c\ubbfc\uc2ec\uc0ac \ub3c4\uc785, 1\ucc28 \uc2ec\uc0ac 3\uac1c\uc6d4 \uc548\uc5d0 \uc9c4\ud589, \uc774\uc758\uc2ec\uc0ac\ub3c4 3\uac1c\uc6d4 \uc548\uc5d0 \uc9c4\ud589. [\uc8fc\uc694\uc8fc\uc7a5] \u201c\uc0ac\uc804\ub09c\ubbfc\uc2ec\uc0ac\ub294 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2ec\uc0ac\uae30\uac04\uc744 \ub2e8\ucd95\ud558\uace0 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uc815\uc2e0\uccad\uacfc \uc591\ub9bd\ud560 \uc218
\uc5c6\ub294 \ud589\uc704\ub97c \ud55c \uacbd\uc6b0 \ucca0\ud68c\ub85c \uac04\uc8fc\ud558\ub294 \ub4f1 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2ec\uc0ac \uc81c\ub3c4\ub97c \uac1c\uc120\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2ec\uc0ac\uc758 \uacf5\uc815\uc131\uacfc \ud6a8\uc728\uc131\uc744 \ub192\uc774\ub824\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.”<\/td><\/tr>
\uc774\uc5b8\uc8fc<\/td>\ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uc815\uc790\uc758 \ucc98\uc6b0\ucd95\uc18c, \uc2e0\uccad\uc790\uc758 \uc0dd\uacc4\ube44\uc0ad\uc81c, \uad50\uc721\ubcf4\uc7a5\uc81c, 1\ucc28 \uc2ec\uc0ac 2\uac1c\uc6d4 \uc548\uc5d0, \uc774\uc758\uc2ec\uc0ac\ub3c4 2\uac1c\uc6d4 \uc548\uc5d0 \uc9c4\ud589. \ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uc815 \uc5ec\ubd80\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uacb0\uc815\uc774 \ud655\uc815\ub420 \ub54c\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubc95\ubb34\ubd80 \uc7a5\uad00\uc774 \uc124\uce58\u2022\uc6b4\uc601\ud558\ub294 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc8fc\uac70\uc2dc\uc124\uc5d0\uc11c \uac70\uc8fc\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \ud568.
[\uc8fc\uc694\uc8fc\uc7a5] \uc7a5\uae30\uac04\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2ec\uc0ac\uae30\uac04\uacfc \ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uc815 \uacb0\uc815 \uc804 \uc790\uc720\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc774\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \ubd88\ubc95\uccb4\ub958 \ubc0f \ubc94\uc8c4\uc758 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc774 \ub192\uc544\uc9c0\ubbc0\ub85c \uc774\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub300\ucc45\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud558\ub2e4.”<\/td><\/tr>
\uc1a1\uc11d\uc900<\/td>1\ucc28 \uc2ec\uc0ac 3\uac1c\uc6d4 \uc548\uc5d0, \uc774\uc758\uc2ec\uc0ac\ub3c4 3\uac1c\uc6d4 \uc548\uc5d0 \uc9c4\ud589.<\/td><\/tr>
\ud568\uc9c4\uaddc<\/td>\ud589\uc815\uc18c\uc1a1 \uc81c\uae30\uae30\uac04\uc744 90\uc77c\uc5d0\uc11c 60\uc77c\ub85c. \uc774\uc758\uc2e0\uccad \ud588\ub358 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc740 30\uc77c \ub0b4\uc5d0 \uc9c4\ud589.<\/td><\/tr>
\uc720\ubbfc\ubd09<\/td>\uac70\uc8fc\uc9c0 \uc81c\ud55c, \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad\uc790\uac00 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uc815\uc758 \uacb0\uc815\uc744 \ubc1b\uc744 \ub54c\uae4c\uc9c0\ub294 \uad00\ud560\uad6c\uc5ed\uc73c\ub85c \uccb4\ub958\uc9c0\ub97c \ud55c\uc815\ud568, \uc774\ud0c8\ud560 \uacbd\uc6b0 1\ub144 \uc774\ud558\uc758 \uc9d5\uc5ed \ub610\ub294 1\ucc9c\ub9cc\uc6d0 \uc774\ud558\uc758 \ubc8c\uae08.
[\uc8fc\uc694\uc8fc\uc7a5] “\ub09c\ubbfc\uc2e0\uccad\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc790\uc720\ub86d\uac8c \uc774\ub3d9\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uba74 \uad00\ub9ac\uac00 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6cc \ud5a5\ud6c4 \ubd88\ubc95\uccb4\ub958\uc758 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uacfc \ubc94\uc8c4 \uc704\ud5d8\uc131\uc774 \ub192\uc544\uc9c0\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4.”<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

\u3008\uad6d\ud68c\uc758\uc6d0 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95 \uac1c\uc545 \ubc1c\uc758\uc548><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\uacb0\ub860: \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758\ub97c \uc904\uc774\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \ud574\uacb0\ubc29\ubc95<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\uad6c\uc870\uc801 \ud574\uacb0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\ud55c\uad6d\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758\ub294 97\ub144 \uc774\ud6c4 \uc7a5\uae30\ud654 \ub41c \uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \ubd88\ud3c9\ub4f1\uacfc \uc131\ucc28\ubcc4\uc758 \uad6c\uc870\uc5d0\uc11c \ube44\ub86f\ub41c \uad6d\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uacf5\ud3ec\uc640 \ubd88\uc548\uc744 \ubc30\uacbd\uc73c\ub85c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ubc30\uacbd \uc704\uc5d0 \u2460\uc608\uba58\ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uc785\uad6d \ucd08\uae30, \ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uad8c\uc744 \ubd84\uba85\ud558\uac8c \uc639\ud638\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c \uc815\ubd80\uc640 \ubc95\ubb34\ubd80 \u2461\ub4dd\ud45c\uc640 \uae30\ud68c\uc8fc\uc758\uc5d0 \ud568\ubab0\ub41c \uc815\uce58\uc138\ub825(\uc6b0\ud30c\ub294 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc18\ub300, \uc911\ub3c4\ud30c\ub294 \uce68\ubb35) \u2462\ubc18 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc138\ub825\uacfc \u2463\uc815\uce58\uc138\ub825\uc5d0\uac8c \uae30\uc0dd\ud558\uba70 \uc790\uadf9\uc8fc\uc758\ub97c \ucd94\uad6c\ud558\ub294 \uc5b8\ub860 \ub4f1\uc774 \uacf5\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \ucc38\uc5ec\ud55c \ud569\uc791\ud488\uc774\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc0b4\uc778\uc801\uc778 \ud55c\uad6d\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uc5ec\ub7ec \ubd88\ud3c9\ub4f1\ubb38\uc81c\ub4e4\uc744 \ud574\uacb0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc6b0\uc120\uc801\uc778 \uacfc\uc81c\ub77c\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud55c\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ud604\uc7ac \ud55c\uad6d\uc0ac\ud68c\ub294 \uc774\uc640 \uc815\ubc18\ub300\ub85c \uac00\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc724\uc11d\uc5f4\uc815\uad8c\uc740 \uc9d1\uad8c \ucd08\ucc3d\uae30\ubd80\ud130 \ub178\ub3d9\uc870\ud569\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub178\uace8\uc801\uc778 \ud0c4\uc555\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \ubd80\uc790\uac10\uc138\ub97c \uc774\uc5b4\uac14\uace0, \ucd5c\uadfc\uc5d0\ub294 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc548\uc804\uacfc \uc57d\uc790\ub4e4\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ubcf5\uc9c0\uc608\uc0b0\uc744 \uc804\uba74\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc0ad\uac10\ud55c \ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uc81c\ub3c4\uc801 \ud574\uacb0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\ud604\uc7ac \ud55c\uad6d\uc758 \uad6d\ud68c\uc5d0\ub294 \uc7ac \uc2e0\uccad\uc790\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc801\uaca9\uc2ec\uc0ac\uc640 \uad8c\ub9ac\uc81c\ud55c(\uc2e0\uccad\uc790\uc758 ID\uce74\ub4dc\ub97c \uc555\uc218\ud558\uace0, \ucde8\uc5c5\uc744 \uae08\uc9c0\ud558\ub294 \ub4f1)\uc744 \uace8\uc790\ub85c \ud558\ub294 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95 \uc77c\ubd80\uac1c\uc815\uc548\uc774 \uacc4\ub958\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc744 \uc800\uc9c0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc2dc\uae09\ud558\ub2e4. \uc7ac\uc2e0\uccad\uc790\ub294 \uc815\uc0c1\ud654 \ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc2ec\uc0ac\uc81c\ub3c4\uc758 \uc0b0\ubb3c\uc774\uba70, \uc774\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0dd\uc874\uad8c\uc744 \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uc784\uc758\ub85c \uc81c\ud55c\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc778\uad8c\uacfc \uad6d\uc81c\ubc95\uc744 \uc704\ubc18\ud558\ub294 \ud589\uc704\ub77c\ub294 \uc810\uc744 \ubd84\uba85\ud788 \ud560 \ud544\uc694\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub098\uc544\uac00 \uaddc\ubc94\uc774\uc790 \uc2e4\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \ucc98\ubc8c \ubc0f \uad6c\uc81c\uc758 \ubc95\uc548\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \ucc28\ubcc4\uae08\uc9c0\ubc95\uc774 \uc81c\uc815\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \ub09c\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \uad8c\ub9ac\ub97c \ubcf4\uc7a5\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uc5ec\ub7ec \ubc95\u00b7\uaddc\ubc94\uc801 \uc790\uc6d0\ub4e4\uc758 \uc5f0\uc1c4\ub97c \ud655\uc7a5\ud574\ub098\uac00\ub294 \uc77c\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uad8c\uc13c\ud130\ub294 \uc9e7\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uae30\uac04 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95 \uac1c\uc545 \uc548\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubc18\ub300\uc758 \uc2e4\ucc9c\ub4e4\uc744 \ubaa8\uc544\uc654\ub2e4. \uc774 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc18\ubcf5\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud655\uc778\ud55c \ubc14\ub294 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc95\uc774 \uad6d\ub0b4 \uc815\uce58\ubcc0\ub3d9\uacfc \uad6d\ub0b4\uc758 \ubc95\uc801 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc5d0 \ud06c\uac8c \uc885\uc18d\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ud55c\ud3b8\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ud55c\uad6d\uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0 \uad6d\uc81c\ubc95\uc758 \uaddc\ubc94\uc744 \uac15\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uc2e4\ucc9c\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud558\uace0, \ub2e4\ub978 \ud55c\ud3b8\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uad6d\ub0b4 \ubc95 \ub0b4\ubd80\uc758 \uc911\uc2ec\uc8fc\uccb4\ub85c\uc11c \uad6d\ubbfc\uac1c\ub150\uc744 \uc774\uc8fc\ubbfc\uacfc \ub09c\ubbfc \ub4f1\uc744 \ud3ec\uad04\ud558\ub294 \uac1c\ub150\uc73c\ub85c \ud655\uc7a5\ud558\ub294 \uc2e4\ucc9c\uc774 \uc694\uad6c\ub420 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uad50\uc721\uc801 \ud574\uacb0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uad50\uc721\uc740 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uae30\ub2a5\ub4e4\uc774 \uc815\uc0c1\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc791\ub3d9\ud560 \ub54c \uadf8\uc81c\uc57c \uc9c4\uac00\ub97c \ubc1c\ud718\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc870\uac74\uc740 \uc27d\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc9c0\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758\ub97c \uc904\uc5ec\ub098\uac00\uae30 \uc704\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \uc9e7\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uc2dc\uac04\ub3d9\uc548 \uad50\uc721\uc5d0\uac8c \ub9ce\uc740 \uae30\ub300\ub97c \uac78\uc5b4\uc57c \ud560\uc9c0\ub3c4 \ubaa8\ub978\ub2e4. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uad50\uc721\uc801 \ud574\uacb0\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \ud06c\uac8c 2\uac00\uc9c0\uc758 \uc81c\uc548\uc744 \ud558\uace0\uc790 \ud55c\ub2e4. \uccab\uc9f8, \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc774 \uacbd\ud5d8\ud55c \ud3ed\ub825\uacfc \uc0c1\ucc98\ub97c \uad6c\uc870\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\uc81c\ub85c \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ub3d5\ub294 \uad50\uc721\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud558\ub2e4. \ud55c\uad6d\uc758 \uad50\uc721\uc740 \uc785\uc2dc\uc9c0\uc2dd\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc5f4\uae30\uc640\ub294 \uc0c1\ubc18\ub418\uac8c \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc758 \uc77c\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \ucde8\uc57d\uc131, \uc0c1\ucc98, \uc190\uc0c1, \uc544\ud514, \ube48\uace4 \ub4f1\uc744 \ud574\uc11d\ud558\ub294 \uc9c0\uc2dd\u00b7\uad50\uacfc\uc0dd\uc0b0\uc5d0\ub294 \ud070 \uc5f4\uc758\ub97c \ubcf4\uc774\uace0 \uc788\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub2e4. \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucc28\ubcc4\ubfd0 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc0ac\ud68c \uc804\ubc18\uc758 \ud3ed\ub825\uc131, \uc774\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \uac83\uc744 \uacac\ub514\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\ub294 \ubb38\ud654\ub97c \uadf9\ubcf5\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc774\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uad50\uacfc\ub97c \uacf5\uad50\uc721 \ub0b4\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2e4\ub8e8\ub294 \uc77c\uc740 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc2dc\uae09\ud55c \uad50\uc721\uc801 \uacfc\uc81c\uc77c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ub458\uc9f8, \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc2dc\ubbfc\uad50\uc721\uc758 \ud65c\uc131\ud654\uac00 \ud544\uc694\ud558\ub2e4. \uc724\uc11d\uc5f4\uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc778 \uac00\uce58\ud3c4\ud558\uc640 \uacf5\uaca9\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc2dc\ubbfc\uad50\uc721\uc740 \uc724\ub9ac\ub098 \uc77c\ubc18\uc0ac\ud68c \ub4f1\uc758 \uacfc\ubaa9\ub4e4\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd84\ud654\ub41c \uad50\uacfc\ub85c \uc790\ub9ac\uc7a1\uc544\uac00\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ud55c\uad6d\uc758 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc2dc\ubbfc\uad50\uc721\uc740 \u2460\uad6d\ubbfc\u00b7\ub3c4\ub355\uad50\uc721\uacfc \u2461\uc9c0\uad6c\ud654\uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \uc2dc\ubbfc\uad50\uc721\uc774\ub77c\ub294 2\uac00\uc9c0 \uac08\ub9bc\uae38 \uc704\uc5d0 \uc11c\uc788\ub2e4. \uc9c0\uad6c\ud654\uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \uc2dc\ubbfc\uad50\uc721\uc740 \uc9c0\uad6c\ud654\uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \uc815\uc758(Justice)\ub97c \uae30\uc900\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\uc131\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uc815\uc758(Justice)\ub294 \uad6d\ubbfc\uacfc \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc758 \ub3d9\uc77c\uc131(\uad6d\ubbfc=\uc2dc\ubbfc)\uc744 \ubb38\uc81c\ud654\ud558\uace0, \uc77c\uad6d\uc801 \ucc28\uc6d0\uc744 \ub118\uc5b4\uc11c\ub294 \ud3ed\ub825\uacfc \ud3c9\ud654\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \uc2e4\ucc9c\uc8fc\uc81c\ub85c \ub04c\uc5b4\uc548\ub294\ub2e4. \ud55c\uad6d\uc758 \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc2dc\ubbfc\uad50\uc721\uc774 \uad6d\ubbfc\u00b7\ub3c4\ub355\uad50\uc721\uc73c\ub85c \uae30\uc6b8\uc9c0 \uc54a\uae30 \uc704\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \uc9c0\uad6c\uc801 \uc815\uc758\uc758 \ucc28\uc6d0\ub4e4\uc744 \uad50\uc721\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc8fc\uc81c\ud654 \ud558\ub294 \uacf5\uad50\uc721 \uc548\uacfc \ubc16\uc758 \ub178\ub825\ub4e4\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uad8c\uc740 \uc774\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub354\ud560 \ub098\uc704 \uc5c6\uc774 \uc88b\uc740 \uad50\uc721\uc758 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc774\uc790 \uad50\uc721\ubaa9\uc801\uc774 \ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub0b4\ub144\ubd80\ud130 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uad8c\uc13c\ud130\ub3c4 \uccad\uc18c\ub144 \ub300\uc0c1\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uad8c\uad50\uc721\ud300\uc758 \uc6b4\uc601\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc9c0\uad6c\uc801 \uc815\uc758\uc758 \uc2e4\ucc9c\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \ubbfc\uc8fc\uc2dc\ubbfc\uad50\uc721\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\uace0\uc790 \ud55c\ub2e4. \ud55c\uad6d\uc758 \uad50\uc721\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc774 \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \uc0ac\uba85\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uac10\ub2f9\ud574\uc8fc\uae30\ub97c \ubc14\ub784 \ubfd0\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

English translation by Jinhwa Lee<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Racist discrimination against refugees in South Korean society has become prevalent since the arrival of over five hundred Yemeni refugees on Jeju Island in 2018. This response was a major change. There was no such collective opposition to refugees in the early 1990s or in 2013 when South Korea officially announced its commitment to protecting refugee rights to the international community. While prejudice and discrimination against refugees had existed along with xenophobia before 2018, refugees were neither considered a danger nor seen as affecting the whole society. The landscape changed in May 2018, however. Seven hundred thousand citizens signed a petition opposing the guarantee of refugee rights. This was followed by the heated collective denial of the existence and rights of refugees, which continued into the latter half of 2018.20<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the post-COVID-19 era has not seen the same level of collective opposition to and discrimination against refugees, there remains institutional exclusion and discriminatory practices. Some of the recent notable cases include refugee exclusion from COVID-19 relief subsidies and creating an \u201casylum path without refugee recognition,\u201d in which Afghan refugees were treated as \u201cspecial contributors.\u201d While the former example highlights the clear discrimination against refugees in South Korea even during times of global crisis, the latter demonstrates a more nuanced form of discrimination. This form of discrimination considers a person\u2019s competence and ability to contribute to the country a prerequisite condition for granting asylum. The latter is problematic because it presupposes hierarchization within refugees. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This essay discusses racism by two groups leading discriminations against refugees: the South Korean government and anti-refugee groups. By \u201cleading discriminations,\u201d I mean to suggest that these groups 1) play a leading role in producing knowledge and problems that are discriminatory and 2) give points of references and legitimacy as a basis for discrimination as a knowledge structure. Racism against refugees also refers to acts of violence committed against refugees as well as tolerated and unquestioned by the society, solely because they are refugees. In this context, I define government racism as institutional racism and anti-refugee groups\u2019 racism as a form of \u201ccitizen-protecting\u201d racism. These two forms of racism involve institutions and the concept of \u201cprotecting citizens\u201d in their respective values and methods of operation. In other words, protecting South Korean citizens equals protecting the values only important to the citizens. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Institutional Racism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Background: Problems of the 1951 Refugee Convention and Refugee Act<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

By joining the Refugee Convention (also known as the Geneva Convention), South Korea established its refugee protection system in the early 1990s. However, this was not a well-thought-out approach so much as an instrumentalization for increasing the country\u2019s visibility on the international stage (the move to which was referred to as the \u201cglobal standard\u201d by the South Korean government). This meant that the government had not established a comprehensive plan for the specific protection of refugee rights. The most basic elements of refugee recognition procedures such as expediency, transparency, and fairness were not institutionalized. More problems began to surface including the systemic failure to protect asylum seekers and asylees\u2019 livelihoods and welfare. The biggest issue, however, was that the refugee status determination procedures were conducted under the Immigration Act. Its limitation was clear: Immigration control may always already supersede refugee rights. In other words, from a legal topological view, domestic law had priority over international law, reducing or limiting its influence and implementation. While the 2013 Refugee Act of South Korea has become an independent human rights law, its implementation did not address these limitations and problems. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the drafting and legislation process of the 2013 Refugee Act, South Korean civil society pointed to several major issues including 1) Provisions regarding applications filed at ports of entry and departure (Refugee Act Article 6); 2) Provisions regarding simplification and\/or omission of screening procedures (Refugee Act Article 8, Paragraph 5); and 3) Lack of provisions regarding treatment of humanitarian sojourners and refugee applicants (Refugee Act Articles 39~44). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Just as activists had feared, the implementation of the Refugee Act did not work. First, the simplified screening at the ports of entry, originally intended to prevent administrative abuse by officials, turned into a de facto refugee status determination interview. As a result, refugees were denied the opportunity for a proper interview. Airport refugees are the product of this system. Second, while the South Korean government increased the number of permissions for humanitarian sojourn following the cases of Syrian refugees in 2014, it was done without guaranteeing the sojourners different job opportunities or basic living security. Consequently, many humanitarian sojourners had to fend for themselves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To address these issues, several amendment bills have been proposed since 2015. These include plans to improve the port of entry and departure system, to strengthen the protection of applicants\u2019 rights during the refugee status determination procedures, and to treat the sojourners more humanely. However, these plans were never passed, as the justification for legislating the Act on Counterterrorism for the Protection of Citizens and Public Safety in 2015 considered refugees as a threat to national security. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Low Recognition Rate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The low rate of refugee recognition in South Korea indicates that the government\u2019s approach to border control imposes significant limitations on rights protected by international law. This problem can be captured more clearly through comparisons with other OECD countries. South Korea, which positions itself as a developed country<\/em>, justifies its low recognition rate by portraying refugees as individuals who misuse the system, make false claims about their status, and lie about their situation. However, what has brought refugees to South Korea is precisely South Korea\u2019s promise to the global community. The low recognition rate, as Figures 1 and 2 indicate, clearly shows that the government is not keeping its promise.21<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Line
Figure 1.<\/strong> Refugee status in Korea, 2004\u20132022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"Bar
Figure 2.<\/strong> Refugee recognition rates and protection rates in OECD member countries<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Unstable Refugee Status Determination System <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The South Korean refugee status determination system is still unstable. The backlog is very large and the ratio of the applicants to the officials in charge is extremely unbalanced. Cases of procedural injustice continue to occur. The South Korean government has made efforts to decrease the backlog. However, instead of expanding and stabilizing the terms of the determination system, the government has simply tried to hasten the process by creating the \u201cexpedited review category,\u201d which is meant to screen the applications that can be rejected more quickly. Its classification criteria have serious issues of inconsistency: They fail to distinguish internationally justifiable asylum applications from the ones that are resubmitted over and over again despite the fact that they are rejected based on the eligibility requirements. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Therefore, the government\u2019s resolution to the backlog issue, which was an expedited process, has actually resulted in even more reapplicants, so much so that there was a case of multiple falsified refugee interview records within the Ministry of Justice, which was a clear violation of human rights. The National Human Rights Commission of Korea and NANCEN estimate that there are between one thousand and two thousand cases of record fabrication. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Airport Refugees, Humanitarian Sojourners, and Reapplicants<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

South Korea\u2019s unstable refugee system has created airport refugees who are denied the right to apply for refugee status by the government; humanitarian sojourners whose status is uncertain due to the South Korean government\u2019s strategy of bypassing the recognition of refugee status; and reapplicants, who are a clear indication that the government is not willing to protect them. There is no comprehensive long-term welfare plan for these individuals. In this situation where there is no clear policy, refugees who have not been granted asylum are given a waiting period instead of welfare. This waiting period can end suddenly and without warning. During this period of uncertainty, individuals must live on their own on a day-to-day basis. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Insufficient Subsidies and Budget Cuts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

According to NANCEN\u2019s monitoring of the Ministry of Justice\u2019s refugee budget and settlement, the budget has been significantly underutilized in the past three to four fiscal years. I believe this is all because the budget is for \u201crefugees.\u201d22<\/a><\/sup> As of 2022, South Korea\u2019s budget for refugees is 3.8 billion won (approximately 2.9 million US dollars), of which 2.8 billion won (approximately 2.1 million US dollars) was expended in that fiscal year. As seen in Table 1, it was 74% of the total budget. The average execution rate of the refugee budget over the past four years is only 69%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Year<\/strong><\/td>Budget Execution Rate<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
2019<\/td>98%<\/td><\/tr>
2020<\/td>78%<\/td><\/tr>
2021<\/td>56%<\/td><\/tr>
2022<\/td>74%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Table 1.<\/strong> Execution Rate of the Refugee Budget, 2019\u20132022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Due to the pandemic, the execution of the refugee budget has been generally poor for the past three years, from 2020 to 2022. While the budget execution rate in 2022 was about 20% higher than in 2021, the number is nowhere close to the pre-pandemic average. The budget for refugees is primarily divided into five main sections: refugee status determination procedures, subsidies for refugee applicants, Immigration Reception Center, refugee resettlement, and training and conference attendance. These five sections are then subdivided into smaller, more detailed categories. Among these, the section with the lowest execution rate (35%) is the \u201csubsidies for refugee applicants\u201d section specifically designed to protect the refugee rights. The execution rate for the same budget was also the lowest (11.5%) in 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Year<\/strong><\/td>Budget<\/strong><\/td>Expenditure<\/strong><\/td>Execution Rate<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
2020<\/td>931,497,000<\/td>575,200,000<\/td>61.8%<\/td><\/tr>
2021<\/td>931,497,000<\/td>108,040,000<\/td>11.6%<\/td><\/tr>
2022<\/td>931,497,000<\/td>325,171,000<\/td>35%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Table 2.<\/strong> Budget, Expenditure, and Execution Rates for Refugee Applicants’ Subsidies, 2020\u20132022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The reason for this underspending relates to the underspending of the aid budget for sustenance, which makes up a significant portion of the subsidies budget, seen in Table 3. If the number of subsidy applications decreased during the pandemic, the government should have taken proactive steps to support the applicants facing difficulties. Given various challenges, this underspending is a result of administrative failures and inadequacies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Year<\/strong><\/td>Budget<\/strong><\/td>Expenditure<\/strong><\/td>Execution Rate<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
2020<\/td>839,362,000<\/td>546,000,000<\/td>65.0%<\/td><\/tr>
2021<\/td>839,362,000<\/td>52,000,000<\/td>6.2%<\/td><\/tr>
2022<\/td>839,362,000<\/td>247,186,000<\/td>29.4%<\/td><\/tr>
2023<\/td>710,120,000<\/td>in progress<\/td>in progress<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Table 3.<\/strong> Budget, Expenditure, and Execution Rates for Refugees\u2019 Sustenance, 2020\u20132023<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCitizen-Protecting\u201d Racism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

It is rather challenging to clearly identify the anti-refugee forces in South Korea. They range from conservative groups, anti-Islam Christian groups, self-proclaimed \u201cpatriots\u201d wanting to protect the country, or political parties aiming to secure votes. Their interests are as diverse as their appearance. Nevertheless, their anti-refugee arguments are, to some extent, still formed on a common ground: the idea of \u201cprotecting Korean citizens.\u201d This section discusses various aspects related to this idea, in which I include various quotes from anti-refugee rally speeches and statements I collected in 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe citizens must be protected\u201d <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Anti-refugee forces define refugees as terrorists who pose a threat to citizens\u2019 lives and national security, primarily based on disinformation about Europe. This is where we see how Korean anti-refugee forces have become Western-centric. For them, the Refugee Convention and the Refugee Act are harmful to citizens. They dismiss international legal regulations and their necessity, claiming that protecting citizens takes priority. According to anti-refugee groups, refugees come to South Korea not to escape persecution but to commit terrorism. It is a common way to demonize refugees. They see the protection of citizens\u2019 lives and the guarantee of refugee rights as a zero-sum game. For them, a just country should prioritize its citizens\u2019 rights and values of their lives, which justifies repealing the Refugee Act and removing refugees from its borders. On the National Petition of South Korea website and on YouTube, comments claimed,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

I am not sure if South Korea can effectively handle the refugee issue since it\u2019s less relevant to the country. In addition, there still are social problems caused by illegal immigrants and cultural differences. That is why I have serious concerns and doubts about whether accepting refugee applications and supporting refugees have anything to contribute to safety of Korean nationals and economic revitalization of Jeju Island.23<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why are they here? Yemen is amid a civil war. Islamic fundamentalists, Al-Qaeda, and even regular NGOs are carrying out terrorist attacks. The media says Islamic fundamentalists, Al-Qaeda, and terrorists are a minority. Is that really true? Now they are all closed to protect the lives and safety of the citizens. Just the other day, the authorities arrested a refugee applicant who had been recruiting IS members among those around him. There was a stabbing incident involving Yemenis in Jeju. One Yemeni was sent to a hospital for schizophrenia. Aren\u2019t these the ones who are threatening our safety?24<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\n

The problem is not limited to Yemenis in Jeju. As many as 217 Yemenis arrived on the mainland through ports of Incheon and Busan. Where are these people now? I ask whether the government knows where they are. Yemen is not the only issue. There are as many as 630 Egyptian refugee applicants. It is a well-known fact that both Yemen and Egypt are home to terrorist organizations. If the government ignores the citizens\u2019 anxiety and the danger they think they are in, the citizens are left to protect themselves. The victims here are the ordinary citizens, who are exhausted and scared. Stop fooling and deceiving us with amendments. Repeal the Refugee Act immediately. That is what citizens want. I want us to raise our voice together and say: We want repeal, not amendment! Repeal the Refugee Act immediately! Europe\u2019s precedents provide insights into our future. While Germany has detailed provisions in its refugee law, it has one of the highest rates of crimes committed by refugees. The UK and France have declared that multiculturalism has failed, and so did Angela Merkel. It is not too late. I urgently call for the repeal of the Refugee Act.25<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe must protect our women from Muslim violence\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Anti-refugee groups\u2019 claim to protect citizens specifically concerns protecting women. This is largely due to two reasons. First, while everyday violence against women was still prevalent in 2018, there was no active punishment or acknowledgment of the problem. On the other hand, the only time when South Korea does make violence against women exceptionally visible as a general social <\/em>problem, it is when it is related to a national crisis. The issue of Japanese military \u201ccomfort women\u201d is a perfect example. It is a structure which does not treat women\u2019s issues as stand-alone, but instead as part of the nationalist agenda. Another case in point is the simultaneous surge in both support for and opposition to feminism following the misogynistic \u201cGangnam Station Murder\u201d case in 2016, which was exploited by anti-refugee groups to support their cause. At the anti-refugee protests and on YouTube channels, participants claimed, <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

How many European countries open to refugees have victimized their citizens to atrocious crimes? Most of the victims were women and children.26<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

How can you still speak of embracing cultural relativism, when women\u2019s human rights are violated in Islam through honor killings, maltreatment, and abuse? Can you endorse a culture that thinks it is acceptable to rape women who do not wear hijab or broka [sic<\/em>]?27<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

They have customs. [Refugees are] healthy people in their 20s, 30s, and 40s. People in their 20s make up over 80 percent. You know what their culture is like, don\u2019t you? You know what their religion is, right? What do they think of women? Slaves, sex slaves. And what have they learned since childhood? What have they learned from their fathers and grandfathers? Beat women up, make them sex slaves, and sacrifice your life for Allah. This type of education is what those individuals receive.28<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Although it is difficult to verify how much impact these claims have made, some South Korean feminist groups shared similar views at the time.29<\/a><\/sup> At the same time, young male online users debated on social media platforms whether to reject or accept refugees regarding their positions on women. Feminist peace studies scholar Jung Hee-jin described, \u201cThe male dominant internet community shows a clash between the anti-refugee position of \u2018protecting Korean women\u2019 and the pro-refugee position of calling for \u2018misbehaving Korean women to be raped by refugees.\u2019\u201d30<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOnly \u2018real\u2019 refugees should be protected\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

However, anti-refugee groups\u2019 claims could not necessarily deny the existence of refugees themselves. As a result, they also revised their argument to make sense of their anti-refugee sentiment: \u201cAll refugees arriving in South Korea are fake.\u201d They consider this the only way to justify the legitimacy of their \u201chumanitarian\u201d cause with the pretense of protecting the lives of the citizens. To support this premise, they use ad hominem attacks, stereotypes of victimhood, moral condemnation, and their knowledge of international law. In general, they argue 1) They are either terrorists or labor migrants whose actual purpose is to find work; 2) Healthy young men must not be real refugees; 3) Real refugees must not have left their families behind and escaped on their own; and 4) Civil war is not a good enough reason for granting asylum and is not recognized by the Refugee Convention.  Figures 3 and 4, screenshots of texts sent during the refugee rights protest in August 2018 to a refugee activist working with NANCEN (Refugee Rights Organization) contain racist, Islamophobic hate speech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"\"
Figure 3.<\/strong> Text message accusing the activist of being a \u201cfake refugee\u201d and a Muslim who \u201cjustifies rape.\u201d Courtesy of NANCEN (Refugee Rights Organization).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"\"
Figure 4.<\/strong> Text message accusing refugees of \u201cgiving births to anchor babies to Islamize South Korea.\u201d Courtesy of NANCEN (Refugee Rights Organization).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Anti-refugee groups\u2019 claims clearly illustrate what they believe real refugees should look like: They should be weak and harmless. They should clearly appear as sick, poor, and vulnerable victims of obvious violence, especially as children, women, or elderly people.31<\/a><\/sup> They should be nice and respectful; in other words, they should be morally upright. They must have experienced persecution that meets the five fundamental criteria for refugee status not including civil wars. Such anti-refugee groups\u2019 claims are believed to be \u201chumanitarian,\u201d because they claim to protect real<\/em> refugees no matter what. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, this claim to humanitarianism is as dangerous and problematic as the security discourse since it can always turn into a discourse about policing for security at any given moment. More specifically, this means that humanity is given only when refugees are nice, pitiable, non-threatening, denying their humanity from the start and limiting their humanity at any moment. This is why anti-refugee groups\u2019 claim to \u201cgood racism\u201d is contiguous to \u201cbad racism\u201d and \u201chumanitarianism\u201d is synonymous with \u201cpolicing.\u201d Anti-refugee protests and YouTube channels have claimed the following: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Current refugee applicants came alone leaving their families behind. How are they refugees?32<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

They are mostly fit and strong men in their 20s and 30s. They said in media interviews that they fled wars, that they want to work and earn money. They arrived in large groups and should have been repatriated during the immigration process. However, the government allowed them to enter South Korea. I ask the media and the government. How are these people refugees? They are not. They are labor migrants seeking to find jobs. They are not fleeing from political persecution but from civil wars. They are recognized neither by the UN Refugee Convention nor by the Refugee Act. Despite knowing all of this, why did you let them in and spread misinformation that they were refugees? Citizens\u2019 rights to life, safety, and happiness are being destroyed. An increasing number of people are losing sleep because they are scared. We are not rejecting real refugees who are fleeing political persecution. It\u2019s just that we can never accept fake refugees who collude with brokers and apply for refugee status to gain employment and subsidies. The media fails to accurately convey the voice of the people. They have abandoned objectivity and lied about fake refugees being real. We should wake up to tell the truth while the media is drowning in its sentimentality.33<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe must protect our interests\u201d: Christian Evangelism and Politicization of Refugee Issues<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Church groups and politicians are among the key players of anti-refugee forces. What they have in common is that they advocate their interests under the guise of protecting citizens. In other words, church groups try to broaden their influence while politicians try to secure votes and increased approval ratings. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

For a long time, Christianity in South Korea has been hostile to Muslims and considered them missionary rivals, which imploded into anti-refugee actions in 2018. Sociological studies on Korean Christianity help us contextualize this phenomenon. Church groups have used homophobic practices as a strategy for missionary works and expansion of their influence, which will help them regain social honor and legitimacy for failing Korean Christianity. Church groups\u2019 anti-refugee sentiment can be understood in the same vein. More specifically, their anti-refugee racism incorporates both the humanitarian and policing approaches I discussed earlier. For instance, <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Currently, sympathy and vigilance coexist for refugees. While we should have more sympathy following the biblical teachings, we should also be vigilant. To be vigilant means to value stability. It\u2019s preferable to maintain a balance between the desire for stability and the humanitarian spirit, aiming for a 6:4 ratio.34<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Muslim refugees are returning to the Lord as the once solid land of Islam is shaken by disaster. The challenges Europe has been facing in integrating Muslim immigrants are worrisome to Korean churches. Nevertheless, it is the church\u2019s mission to accept, integrate, and evangelize Muslim refugees. The number of refugees will rise. Isn\u2019t sending Yemeni refugees to Jeju Island God\u2019s plan to test us, prepare us to accept refugees and strengthen our capacity to evangelize?35<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The collective sense of danger spreading across the entire Korean society following the entry of Yemeni refugees in 2018 has also changed political stances. I call this politicization of refugee issues<\/em>. Until 2018, the conservative right-wing stance on migration was largely patronizing benevolence. This was clearly demonstrated by the fact that the first migrant legislator and the first proposal to a refugee bill both originated from the same conservative right-wing party. Since 2018, however, the South Korean right wing has exploited refugee issues as a political strategy like the European far-right. South Korean centrists, in comparison, prefer not to address refugee issues as much as possible. Therefore, the deprivation of refugee rights and the suffering experienced by refugees are produced and intensified in this political landscape, because all political parties and organizations are interest groups prepared to exploit public concern to secure votes. A number of conservative right-wing legislators proposed the repeal and retrogressive revision of the Refugee Act. Here, I introduce some of their main arguments. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cho Kyong-tae proposed to repeal the Refugee Act and to excise every provision that includes the term \u201crefugee\u201d from the laws such as the Medical Benefit Act, the Framework Act on Treatment of Foreigners Residing in the Republic of Korea, the Immigration Act, and the Administrative Procedures Act, stating that the goal is to resolve the social conflict surrounding refugee recognition by repealing the Refugee Act. Kim Jin-tae proposed to only allow applications at the South Korean embassies, consulates, and diplomatic offices abroad and to permit entry to verified refugees only. He proposed to remove all definitions of humanitarian sojourners and refugees seeking resettlement, while calling for redefinition of refugees as those specifically recognized as refugees after the screening process. If there is a valid reason for an individual to be suspended or excluded from the screening process, they should be deported since the Refugee Convention does not exist to protect refugee applicants. Kang Seokho proposed a pre-screening process, in which the first-round review should be done within three months and the following appeals review is also done in three months. He argued that, the pre-screening process is meant to improve the fairness and efficiency of the refugee status determination process by expediting the review process and withdrawing applications if an applicant exhibits behavior that is inconsistent with their application. Lee Un-ju proposed welfare cuts for recognized refugees and removal of provisions for living expenses and education for refugee applicants. She also proposed an expedited process of conducting the initial review within two months and the appeals review also within two months, which requires refugee applicants to be housed in designated facilities under the supervision of the Minister of Justice until a final decision is reached. She claimed that the extended review period and unrestricted movement prior to the final decision raise the risk of illegal stay and criminal activities. Countermeasures are necessary. Song Seog-jun also proposed an expedited process of a three-month initial review and a three-month appeals review. Ham Jin-gyu proposed to cut the ninety-day time limit for filing an administrative lawsuit to sixty days, while also proposing that applicants who filed appeals should have only thirty days. Finally, Yoo Minbong proposed to restrict refugee applicants to a designated area of soujourn within the government\u2019s jurisdiction. If an applicant violates this term, they may be imprisoned up to one year or charged a fine of up to ten million won (approximately ten thousand US dollars). Yoo maintained that it will be challenging to control refugee applicants if they are allowed to move around freely, which will increase illegal stays and criminal activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion: How to Combat Racism Against Refugees<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Structural Solutions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Anti-refugee racism in South Korea stems from the public fear and anxiety shaped by long-term gender discrimination and economic inequality since the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. It is also a collaboration between multiple actors, including the government and the Ministry of Justice<\/em>, which failed to unequivocally defend refugee rights during the arrivals of Yemeni refugees, opportunistic politicians<\/em> preoccupied with votes (primarily the anti-refugee right-wing and the silent centrist), anti-refugee groups<\/em>, and the media<\/em>, which appropriated political discourses to profit from sensationalism. While refugee activists\u2019 top priority is to eliminate extreme inequality, South Korea is unfortunately moving in the opposite direction. Since the beginning of the Yoon Suk Yeol administration (2022\u2013 ), we have been seeing suppression of trade unions, deep tax cuts for the rich, and most recently, sweeping cuts to social safety nets and welfare budgets for the less privileged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Institutional Solutions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

At present, a proposed amendment to the Refugee Act is under consideration in the National Assembly, which seeks to introduce eligibility reviews for reapplicants and impose certain restrictions on their rights including confiscation of a reapplicant\u2019s ID and an employment ban. It is urgent and important that activists must block this proposal. We must make clear that reapplicants are a result of an inadequate review system and that the government\u2019s arbitrary restriction on their rights to survival is a violation of human rights and international law. This also calls for the passing of the comprehensive anti-discrimination bill, which has been tabled and under consideration for over a decade, for improving ways to provide remedies and enforce appropriate penalties where necessary. This requires enriching the network of legal as well as everyday resources for the refugee rights. The organization I\u2019m part of called NANCEN has been accumulating information and practices for some time against the retrogressive amendment of the Refugee Act. In the process, we have repeatedly witnessed that the effectiveness of the Refugee Act relies heavily on shifts in domestic politics and the judicial logic. Therefore, on the one hand, it is necessary to emphasize on the importance of international law in South Korea; on the other hand, it is also necessary to broaden the concept of citizenship within domestic law to include migrants and refugees. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Picture
Figure 5. <\/strong>Refugee rights activists in South Korea, August 27, 2019. At the front row, rally participants hold signs that spell out “Refugees welcome.” \u00a9NANCEN (Refugee Rights Center), used with permission.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Educational Solutions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Education can only be effective when all other social institutions operate properly. However, this is also not as easy as it sounds. This means that we may need to place a significant, long-term emphasis on education, hoping to eliminate anti-refugee racism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To that end, I want us to consider two things. First, we need education that helps citizens understand violence and trauma as structural problems. South Korean education, while invested solely in college placement exam preparations, has not placed as much importance on producing knowledge and curriculum that help us understand how vulnerability, injuries, harm, pain, and poverty are part of our everyday lives. I believe that this is an urgent task for public education, which must help us change the culture where South Korea is becoming more violent and more intolerant towards diversity and inclusion, including for refugees. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Second, we need to strengthen curriculum on democratic citizenship. Despite the current administration\u2019s undermining of and attacks on democratic citizenship, it is nevertheless becoming a distinct and important subject separate from the general curriculum on ethics and social studies. Educating democratic citizens in South Korea is now at the crossroads of whether to prioritize national and moral education over citizenship education in the global era. Citizenship education in the global era must reflect on the principles of global social justice. Global social justice challenges the ways in which citizenship is limited to nationality, incorporating transnational issues of violence and peace as important praxis. To ensure that democratic citizenship education does not lean toward national and moral education, it is important to build the curriculum based on a wide range of subjects related to global social justice. Learning about refugee rights are great teaching objectives and can be perfect for global social justice curriculum building. In 2024, NANCEN will run an outreach team specializing in refugee rights education, which serves youth groups by promoting democratic citizenship education to practice global social justice. It is my wish to see more South Korean educators embrace this task as their important mission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Notes<\/h2>\n\n\n
<\/div>
  1. 2018\ub144 5\uc6d4, \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc18\ub300\ud750\ub984\uc758 \ubc30\uacbd\ub418\uc5c8\ub358 \ud55c\uad6d\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uc774\uc804 \uc0c1\ud669\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\ub2e4. 2016\ub144 \ud558\ubc18\uae30\ubd80\ud130 \u2018\uad6d\uc815\ub18d\ub2e8 \ubc0f\ubc15\uadfc\ud61c\ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc758 \ud0c4\ud575\u2019\uc744 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\ub294 \ubc94\uad6d\ubbfc \ucd1b\ubd88\uc9d1\ud68c\uac00 \uc5f4\ub838\uace0, \uc774\ub294 \ubb38\uc7ac\uc778 \ud6c4\ubcf4\uc790\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uc815\uad8c\uad50\uccb4\uc758 \ud655\uc815\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \ub2e4\uc74c\ud574\uc778 2017\ub144 4\uc6d4\uc5d0 \ub9c8\ubb34\ub9ac \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc2dc\uae30 \ud55c\uad6d\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \ub9c8\uc74c\uacfc \uc778\uc2dd \ubc0f \ud589\ub3d9\uc758 \ud2c0\uc744 \uaddc\uc815\ud55c \uac1c\ub150\uc740 \uad6d\ubbfc\uc8fc\uad8c\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc9d1\ud68c\uc758 \uc5b4\ub290 \ubc1c\uc5b8\uc5d0\uc11c\ub098 \ub300\ud55c\ubbfc\uad6d \ud5cc\ubc95 \uc81c1\uc870 2\ud56d \u201c\ub300\ud55c\ubbfc\uad6d\uc758 \uc8fc\uad8c\uc740 \uad6d\ubbfc\uc5d0\uac8c \uc788\uace0, \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uad8c\ub825\uc740 \uad6d\ubbfc\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ub098\uc628\ub2e4\u201d\ub97c \ub4e4\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uad6d\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uac15\uc870\ub294 \ud070 \uc751\uc9d1\ub825\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\ub0c8\uace0, \ub300\ud1b5\ub839 \ud0c4\ud575\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c\uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0 \uc131\uacfc\ub85c\uc11c \uc548\uaca8\uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 (\uadf8\uac83\uc758 \uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0\uc640 \uc131\uacfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uae30\ub300\uac10\uc774 \ucc44 \uc0ac\uadf8\ub77c\ub4e4\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740) 2018\ub144 5\uc6d4, \uad6d\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uac15\uc870\uac00 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uad6d\ubbfc\uc8fc\uad8c\uc740 \u2018\uad6d\ubbfc\uc6b0\uc120\u2019 \ud639\uc740 \u2018\uad6d\ubbfc \uba3c\uc800\u2019\uc758 \uac1c\ub150\uc73c\ub85c \uc804\ud658\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uad6d\ubbfc\uc758 \ub300\ub2e4\uc218\ub294 \uadf8\uac83\uc744 \ub9c8\uc74c\uacfc \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \ud2c0\ub85c \uc0bc\uc544\ub0b4\uba70 \uc9d1\ub2e8\ud654 \ub41c \uc790\uae30\ubcf4\ud638\uc640 \ud0c0\uc790\ubd80\uc815\uc744 \uc2e4\ucc9c\ud558\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc774 \uc774\uae00\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2e4\ub8e8\uace0\uc790 \ud558\ub294 2018\ub144 5\uc6d4 \uc774\ud6c4\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc \ub300\uc0c1\uc758 \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758\uc774\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758\ub294 \ubc15\uadfc\ud61c\uc815\uad8c\uc744\ud0c4\ud575\uc2dc\ud0a4\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uad6d\ubbfc\uc758 \uc774\ub984\uc73c\ub85c \ubaa8\uc774\uace0 \ucc38\uc5ec\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ubb38\uc7ac\uc778\uc815\uad8c \ud558\uc5d0\uc11c (\uc0ac\ud68c\u00b7\uacbd\uc81c\u00b7\uc778\uc815\/\ub300\ud45c\u00b7\uc820\ub354 \ub4f1\uc758 \uc601\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c) \uad6d\ubbfc\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\uc815\ubc1b\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \uc9d1\ub2e8\ud654 \ub41c \uc790\uae30\ubcf4\ud638\uc774\uc790, \uae30\ub300\uac10\u00b7\uc2e0\ub8b0\uc758 \uc88c\uc808\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \uc0ac\ud68c\ub97c\ud5a5\ud55c \ubcf5\uc218\ub77c\uace0\ub3c4 \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c \ubc18 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc138\ub825\uc758 \uc9d1\ud68c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc815\ubd80\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uafb8\uc9d6\uc74c, \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uc790\uc2e0\ub4e4\uc744 \ubc84\ub838\ub2e4\ub294 \ub4f1\uc758 \ud45c\ud604\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \uc774\uc81c\ub294 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c\ub97c \uc9c0\ucf1c\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \ud45c\ud604\uc774 \ub2e4\uc218 \ub4f1\uc7a5\ud558\uc600\uace0, \uc720\uc5d4\ub09c\ubbfc\uae30\uad6c\uac00 2021\ub144\uc5d0 \uc9c4\ud589\ud55c \ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uc2dd\uc870\uc0ac\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ud55c\uad6d\uc0ac\ud68c\uc640 \ubc95\uacf5\uc815\uc131\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4, \uc120\uc9c4\uad6d\uc758 \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uc790\ubd80\uc2ec\uc774 \ub192\uc744\uc218\ub85d\ub09c\ubbfc\uc218\uc6a9\uc5d0 \uae0d\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub09c \ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  2. \ucc28\ubcc4\uc744 \uc8fc\ub3c4\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ucc28\ubcc4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc9c0\uc2dd \ud639\uc740 \ubb38\uc81c\uc124\uc815\uc744 \uc8fc\ub3c4\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uace0, \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uad6c\uc870\ub85c\uc11c \ucc28\ubcc4\uc758\uc8fc\uc694 \ub808\ud37c\ub7f0\uc2a4\uc640 \uc815\ub2f9\uc131\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud55c\ub2e4. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  3. ‘\uad6d\ubbfc\ubcf4\ud638’\uc758 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc758\ubbf8\ub294 \u201c\uad6d\ubbfc \uc790\uccb4\uc640 \uad6d\ubbfc\uc774 \uc911\uc694\ud558\uac8c \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\ub294 \uac00\uce58\ub4e4\uc744 \ubcf4\ud638\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\u201d\ub85c \uc815\uc758\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  4. \ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uad8c\uc13c\ud130, \u201c\ud1b5\uacc4: \uad6d\ub0b4 \ub09c\ubbfc \ud604\ud669 (2022.12.31 \uae30\uc900),\u201d NANCEN (\ub09c\ubbfc\uc778\uad8c\uc13c\ud130) \ud648\ud398\uc774\uc9c0, 2023\ub144 8\uc6d4 6\uc77c\uc811\uc18d, nancen.org\/2344<\/a>; \uc7a5\uc601\uc6b1, \u201c\ub09c\ubbfc \uc720\uc785\uc758 \uc0ac\ud68c\uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \uc601\ud5a5\uacfc \uc815\ucc45 \uacfc\uc81c,\u201d \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \uc774\uc288 \ube0c\ub9ac\ud504, 9\ud638 (2023): 34\ucabd. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  5. \ud55c\uad6d \ubc95\ubb34\ubd80\uc758 \ub09c\ubbfc \uad00\ub828 \uc608\u00b7\uacb0\uc0b0 \uc790\ub8cc\ub294 https:\/\/nancen.org\/2330<\/a>\ub97c \ucc38\uace0. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  6. \uc790\ub8cc\ub294 2018\ub144 \ud55c \ud574 \ub3d9\uc548 \uc218\uc9d1\ud55c \ubc18 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc138\ub825\ub4e4\uc758 \uc9d1\ud68c\ubc1c\uc5b8 \ubc0f \uc131\uba85\uc11c \ub4f1\uc774 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  7. \uccad\uc640\ub300 \uad6d\ubbfc\uccad\uc6d0, https:\/\/www1.president.go.kr\/petitions\/269548, \ud604\uc7ac(2023.11.17) \uc811\uc18d\ubd88\uac00. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  8. \uad6c \ub09c\ubbfc\ub300\ucc45 \uacf5\ub3d9\ud589\ub3d9\/\ud604 \uc790\uad6d\ubbfc \uc6b0\uc120 \uad6d\ubbfc\ud589\ub3d9, \u201c\uc81c2\ucc28 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc18\ub300\uc9d1\ud68c \uacf5\uc2dd \uc2e4\ud669 \uc911\uacc4-\uad11\ud654\ubb38,\u201d 2018\ub144 7\uc6d4 14\uc77c, \uc720\ud29c\ube0c, https:\/\/youtu.be\/kVQ0upSKDXY<\/a>, \ucd5c\uc885\uc811\uc18d 2023.09.27 (\uc774\ud558 \uad6c \ub09c\ubbfc\ub300\ucc45 \uacf5\ub3d9\ud589\ub3d9, \u201c\uc81c2\ucc28 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc18\ub300\uc9d1\ud68c\u201d) ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  9. \uc774\ub300\uc6c5, \u201c\uc608\uba58 \ub09c\ubbfc \u2018\ubd88\uc778\uc815\u2019\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc784\uc2dc \uccb4\ub958 \uacb0\uc815, \uad6d\ubbfc\ub4e4 \ubd88\uc548 \ud574\uc18c \uc870\uce58 \uc788\uc5b4\uc57c,\u201d \ud06c\ub9ac\uc2a4\ucc9c\ud22c\ub370\uc774, 2018\ub144 10\uc6d4 17\uc77c, http:\/\/www.christiantoday.co.kr\/news\/316888<\/a>, \ucd5c\uc885\uc811\uc18d 2023.09.27. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  10. \uad6c \ub09c\ubbfc\ub300\ucc45 \uacf5\ub3d9\ud589\ub3d9, \u201c\uc81c2\ucc28 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc18\ub300\uc9d1\ud68c\u201d ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  11. \uad6c \ub09c\ubbfc\ub300\ucc45 \uacf5\ub3d9\ud589\ub3d9, \u201c\uc81c2\ucc28 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc18\ub300\uc9d1\ud68c\u201d ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  12. \uc544\uc774\uc5e0\ud53c\ud130, \u201c\uadf8\ub4e4\uc774 \uc608\uba58\ub09c\ubbfc\uc744 \ubc18\ub300\ud558\ub294 \uc774\uc720,\u201d 2018\ub144 7\uc6d4 1\uc77c, \uc720\ud29c\ube0c, https:\/\/youtu.be\/UnyTeJqn0jE?feature=shared<\/a>, \ucd5c\uc885\uc811\uc18d 2023.09.27 (\uc774\ud558 \uc544\uc774\uc5e0\ud53c\ud130, \u201c\uc608\uba58\ub09c\ubbfc\uc744 \ubc18\ub300\ud558\ub294 \uc774\uc720\u201d) ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  13. \uc774\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud55c\uad6d \ud398\ubbf8\ub2c8\uc998 \ub0b4\ubd80\uc758 \ube44\ud310\uacfc \uc124\ub4dd\uc758 \uae30\ub85d\uc740 <\uacbd\uacc4 \uc5c6\ub294 \ud398\ubbf8\ub2c8\uc998>\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ucc45\uc73c\ub85c \ucd9c\uac04\ub41c \ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  14. \uc815\ud76c\uc9c4, \u201c<\uc815\ud76c\uc9c4\uc758 \ub0af\uc120 \uc0ac\uc774> \ub09c\ubbfc\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc790\uad6d\ubbfc \uc548\uc804?\u201d \uacbd\ud5a5\uc2e0\ubb38, 2018\ub144 7\uc6d4 24\uc77c (\uad04\ud638\uc640 \uac15\uc870\ub294 \uc778\uc6a9\uc790), https:\/\/m.khan.co.kr\/opinion\/column\/article\/201807242025005#c2b<\/a>, \ucd5c\uc885\uc811\uc18d 2023.09.27. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  15. 2018\ub144 \ub2f9\uc2dc \ud55c\uad6d\uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0\ub294 \u2018\ub098\uc774\ud0a4\uc2e0\ubc1c\uc744 \uc2e0\uace0, \uc544\uc774\ud3f0\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \ub09c\ubbfc\uc774\ub0d0?\u2019\ub77c\ub294 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc774 \ud6a1\ud589\ud55c\ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  16. \uc544\uc774\uc5e0\ud53c\ud130, \u201c\uc608\uba58\ub09c\ubbfc\uc744 \ubc18\ub300\ud558\ub294 \uc774\uc720\u201d ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  17. \uad6c \ub09c\ubbfc\ub300\ucc45 \uacf5\ub3d9\ud589\ub3d9, \u201c\uc81c2\ucc28 \ub09c\ubbfc\ubc18\ub300\uc9d1\ud68c\u201d ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  18. \uae40\uc9c4\uc601, \u201c\uc608\uba58\ub09c\ubbfc\uc0ac\ud0dc \uc774\uc2ac\ub78c\uacfc \uc778\ub3c4\uc8fc\uc758 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0\uc11c,\u201d \ud06c\ub9ac\uc2a4\ucc9c \ud22c\ub370\uc774, 2018\ub144 7\uc6d4 6\uc77c, https:\/\/www.christiantoday.co.kr\/news\/314058<\/a>, \ucd5c\uc885\uc811\uc18d 2023.09.27. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  19. \uc774\ud638\ud0dd, \u201c\uc81c\uc8fc \uc608\uba58\ub09c\ubbfc, \uad50\ud68c\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ud560 \uac83\uc778\uac00?\u201d \uae30\ub3c5\uc2e0\ubb38, 2018\ub144 7\uc6d4 2\uc77c, https:\/\/www.kidok.com\/news\/articleView.html?idxno=110170<\/a>, \ucd5c\uc885\uc811\uc18d 2023.09.27. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  20. Leading up to the anti-refugee movement in May 2018, a series of national candlelight rallies had taken place beginning in the second half of 2016, protesting political corruption and demanding the impeachment of then-president Park Geun-hye. The last rally took place in April 2017, when there was a clear prospect of regime change by candidate Moon Jae-in. The concept that defined the mindset, perceptions, and actions of South Koreans during this period was national sovereignty. Every speech at every rally cited Article 1 Paragraph 2 of the Constitution: \u201cThe sovereignty of the Republic of Korea shall reside in the people, and all state authority shall emanate from the people.\u201d The emphasis on the nation fostered a strong sense of unity among the people, eventually leading to the impeachment of Park Geun-hye. The emphasis on the nation<\/em> was repeated in May 2018,<\/strong> which shared the energy and anticipation experienced from the impeachment protests. National sovereignty was understood as prioritizing the interests of nationals. Many South Koreans have adopted this belief as a framework for their thinking and perception, leading to the practice of collective self-protection and exclusion of others. That is what I call \u201cpost-May 2018 racism against refugees,\u201d which I discuss throughout. Therefore, racism against refugees takes a form of collective defense mechanism by those who protested Park Geun-hye but felt that they were not respected as the members of the nation (especially in terms of their socioeconomic status or representations of gender) under the new presidential administration. Racism against refugees may also be understood as South Koreans\u2019 retaliation against the government based on their mistrust and frustrated expectations. In fact, the anti-refugee group-led rallies have time and again featured the anti-government rhetoric deploring the government for abandoning its people, and that South Koreans must protect themselves. According to the UNHCR\u2019s 2021 refugee perception survey, the Korean respondents showed that they could be more welcoming towards refugees if they have a greater pride as citizens of a \u201cdeveloped\u201d country as well as stronger trust in the fairness of the judicial system and the South Korean society. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  21. NANCEN Statistics Institute, \u201cRefugee Status in Korea,\u201d NANCEN Refugee Rights Center, accessed August 6, 2023, https:\/\/nancen.org\/2344<\/a>; Jang Young Wook, \u201cNanmin yuipgwa sahoegyeongjejeok yeonghyanggwa jeongchaek gwaje\u201d (The Socioeconomic Impact of Refugee Influx and Policy Challenge), Global Issue Brief<\/em> 9 (2023): 34. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  22. For the refugee related budget and expenditure of the Ministry of Justice, see https:\/\/nancen.org\/2330<\/a>, accessed November 9, 2023. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  23. National Petition of South Korea, https:\/\/www1.president.go.kr\/petitions\/269548<\/a>, unavailable as of November 2023. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  24. People\u2019s Action for Prioritizing the Nationals (Formerly Joint Action Against Refugees), \u201cOfficial Live Broadcast of the Second Anti-Refugee Rally at Gwanghwamun,\u201d Seoul, Korea, streamed live on July 14, 2018, YouTube video, https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/live\/kVQ0upSKDXY?si=-U7UtLITmoG1r8We<\/a>, accessed September 27, 2023, unavailable as of November 2023. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  25. Lee Dae-woong, \u201cYemen nanmin \u2018burinjeong\u2019edo imsi cheryu gyeoljeong, gungmindeul buran haeso jochi isseoya\u201d (Yemeni Refugees \u201cUnrecognized\u201d But Given Permission to Stay Temporarily; Measures to Relieve Public Anxiety Necessary), Christian Today<\/em>, October 17, 2018, https:\/\/www.christiantoday.co.kr\/news\/316888<\/a>. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  26. People\u2019s Action, \u201cSecond Anti-Refugee Rally.\u201d ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  27. People\u2019s Action, \u201cSecond Anti-Refugee Rally.\u201d ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  28. I Am Peter, \u201cWhy They Are Against Yemeni Refugees,\u201d July 2, 2018, YouTube, https:\/\/youtu.be\/UnyTeJqn0jE?si=p1ttSkQOcjM6Ex3f<\/a>. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  29. South Korean feminist critique of anti-refugee positions was published in an edited volume titled Feminism Without Borders<\/em>, whose title cites Chandra Talpade Mohanty\u2019s Feminism Without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity<\/em> (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003). Sunhye Kim, et al., Gyeonggye Comneun Peminijeum<\/em> {Feminism Without Borders} (Seoul: Waon, 2019). ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  30. Jung Hee-jin, \u201cNanminboda jagungmin anjeon?\u201d (Safety of Korean Nationals over Refugees?), The Kyunghyang Shinmun<\/em>, July 24, 2018, https:\/\/www.khan.co.kr\/opinion\/column\/article\/201807242025005#c2b<\/a>. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  31. For instance, there was a widespread claim in 2018 that those who wear Nike and use iPhones cannot be refugees. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  32. I Am Peter, \u201cWhy They Are Against Yemeni Refugees.\u201d ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  33. People\u2019s Action, \u201cSecond Anti-Refugee Rally.\u201d ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  34. Pastor So Kang-suk of the Sae Eden Presbyterian Church, quoted in Kim Jin-young, \u201cYemen nanmin satae\u2026\u2018iseulam\u2019gwa \u2018indojuui\u2019saieseo\u201d (Yemeni Refugee Crisis: Between \u2018Islam\u2019 and \u2018Humanitarianism\u2019), Christian Today<\/em>, https:\/\/www.christiantoday.co.kr\/news\/314058<\/a>, accessed Sep 27, 2023. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li>
  35. Lee Ho-taeg, President of the Refuge pNan: Christian NGO Aiding Refugees, quoted in Lee Ho-taeg, \u201c{Siron} jeju yemennanmin, gyohoeneun eotteoke hal geosinga?\u201d (Yemeni Refugees in Jeju: What Should the Church Do?), Kidok Shinmun<\/em>, https:\/\/www.kidok.com\/news\/articleView.html?idxno=110170<\/a>, accessed September 27, 2023. ↩<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    This article discusses the sociocultural context in South Korea, which has intensified anti-refugee racism especially since 2018, with the arrival of Yemeni refugees fleeing the war. Park Kyungjoo describes how dual racism encompassing institutional racism and what he calls \u201ccitizen-protecting\u201d racism shapes the current conditions of anti-refugee sentiment in South Korea. First, South Korea implemented a refugee act in 2013, in its attempt to catch up with what it perceived as a \u201cglobal standard.\u201d However, unstable bureaucratic barriers as well as budget cuts and underutilization have left refugee applicants in an inhumane condition and resulted in a perpetually low refugee recognition rate. This is worsened by anti-refugee groups\u2019 \u201ccitizen-protecting\u201d racism, which was fueled by the center-left government\u2019s failure to clearly protect refugee rights while strengthening the social safety net for the Korean public. Mobilizing Islamophobic, racist discourses about refugees, these anti-refugee groups, ranging from church groups to politicians, while hard to identify as a singular force, act based on a common interest in right-wing nationalism and the protection of Koreans. Park Kyungjoo calls for multidimensional solutions involving structural changes, institutional changes, and curricular changes in public education, to help the country challenge the current concept of citizenship and democracy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":702,"template":"wp-custom-template-article-east-asia","ramp_assoc_topic":[7],"ramp_focus_tag":[56,54,57,58,60,59,55],"associated-profiles":[27],"article-types":[],"class_list":["post-701","ramp_article","type-ramp_article","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","ramp_assoc_topic-east-asia","ramp_focus_tag-citizenship","ramp_focus_tag-democracy","ramp_focus_tag-islamophobia","ramp_focus_tag-nationalism","ramp_focus_tag-racism","ramp_focus_tag-refugee","ramp_focus_tag-south-korea"],"yoast_head":"\nRacism Against Refugees: The Case of South Korea | \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758: \ub0a8\ud55c\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0 - Cultural Constructions of Race and Racism Research Collective<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/csalateral.org\/ccrrrc\/articles\/racism-against-refugees-south-korea-park\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Racism Against Refugees: The Case of South Korea | \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758: \ub0a8\ud55c\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0 - Cultural Constructions of Race and Racism Research Collective\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This article discusses the sociocultural context in South Korea, which has intensified anti-refugee racism especially since 2018, with the arrival of Yemeni refugees fleeing the war. Park Kyungjoo describes how dual racism encompassing institutional racism and what he calls \u201ccitizen-protecting\u201d racism shapes the current conditions of anti-refugee sentiment in South Korea. First, South Korea implemented a refugee act in 2013, in its attempt to catch up with what it perceived as a \u201cglobal standard.\u201d However, unstable bureaucratic barriers as well as budget cuts and underutilization have left refugee applicants in an inhumane condition and resulted in a perpetually low refugee recognition rate. This is worsened by anti-refugee groups\u2019 \u201ccitizen-protecting\u201d racism, which was fueled by the center-left government\u2019s failure to clearly protect refugee rights while strengthening the social safety net for the Korean public. Mobilizing Islamophobic, racist discourses about refugees, these anti-refugee groups, ranging from church groups to politicians, while hard to identify as a singular force, act based on a common interest in right-wing nationalism and the protection of Koreans. Park Kyungjoo calls for multidimensional solutions involving structural changes, institutional changes, and curricular changes in public education, to help the country challenge the current concept of citizenship and democracy.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/csalateral.org\/ccrrrc\/articles\/racism-against-refugees-south-korea-park\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Cultural Constructions of Race and Racism Research Collective\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-07-09T14:27:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/csalateral.org\/ccrrrc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Park_Cover-Soo-Ryon-Lee-Yoon.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@lateraljournal\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/csalateral.org\\\/ccrrrc\\\/articles\\\/racism-against-refugees-south-korea-park\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/csalateral.org\\\/ccrrrc\\\/articles\\\/racism-against-refugees-south-korea-park\\\/\",\"name\":\"Racism Against Refugees: The Case of South Korea | \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758: \ub0a8\ud55c\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0 - 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Cultural Constructions of Race and Racism Research Collective","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/csalateral.org\/ccrrrc\/articles\/racism-against-refugees-south-korea-park\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Racism Against Refugees: The Case of South Korea | \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758: \ub0a8\ud55c\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0 - Cultural Constructions of Race and Racism Research Collective","og_description":"This article discusses the sociocultural context in South Korea, which has intensified anti-refugee racism especially since 2018, with the arrival of Yemeni refugees fleeing the war. Park Kyungjoo describes how dual racism encompassing institutional racism and what he calls \u201ccitizen-protecting\u201d racism shapes the current conditions of anti-refugee sentiment in South Korea. First, South Korea implemented a refugee act in 2013, in its attempt to catch up with what it perceived as a \u201cglobal standard.\u201d However, unstable bureaucratic barriers as well as budget cuts and underutilization have left refugee applicants in an inhumane condition and resulted in a perpetually low refugee recognition rate. This is worsened by anti-refugee groups\u2019 \u201ccitizen-protecting\u201d racism, which was fueled by the center-left government\u2019s failure to clearly protect refugee rights while strengthening the social safety net for the Korean public. Mobilizing Islamophobic, racist discourses about refugees, these anti-refugee groups, ranging from church groups to politicians, while hard to identify as a singular force, act based on a common interest in right-wing nationalism and the protection of Koreans. Park Kyungjoo calls for multidimensional solutions involving structural changes, institutional changes, and curricular changes in public education, to help the country challenge the current concept of citizenship and democracy.","og_url":"https:\/\/csalateral.org\/ccrrrc\/articles\/racism-against-refugees-south-korea-park\/","og_site_name":"Cultural Constructions of Race and Racism Research Collective","article_modified_time":"2024-07-09T14:27:28+00:00","og_image":[{"width":2000,"height":1500,"url":"https:\/\/csalateral.org\/ccrrrc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Park_Cover-Soo-Ryon-Lee-Yoon.jpeg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_site":"@lateraljournal","schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/csalateral.org\/ccrrrc\/articles\/racism-against-refugees-south-korea-park\/","url":"https:\/\/csalateral.org\/ccrrrc\/articles\/racism-against-refugees-south-korea-park\/","name":"Racism Against Refugees: The Case of South Korea | \ub09c\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc778\uc885\uc8fc\uc758: \ub0a8\ud55c\uc0ac\ud68c\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0 - 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